How different are theactions of antibodies againstbacteria and against virus?Why is the cellular immuneresponse activated in case ofchronic viral infection?

Q: Why specifically is IgM produced upon the primary immune response while IgG is produced upon the…

A: Antibodies protect against immunogens that invade the cells. Antibodies are of five types. That are…

Q: What types of compounds in bacterial cells can serve as antigens?

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, they are present in various shapes in nature like rod-shaped,…

Q: The influenza virus produces a protein that degrades interferon. How does this increase its…

A: Some viruses like influenza virus escape the anti-viral activities of interferons by gene (and thus…

Q: How can an intracellular virus be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the mechanism…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: What is the purpose of anti-human IgG antibodies in immunological testing?

A: Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains with two antigen binding sites - two γ-class heavy…

Q: w antibodies are formed in T-independent antigens,

A: Thymus-dependent antigens are two categories of antigens that must come into contact with T-helper…

Q: Compare and contrast live attenuated vaccines, inactivatedvaccines, and toxoids. Which of these has…

A: Vaccines are biological preparation that activate the acquired immunity against a particular…

Q: All of the antibodies are shown with just one antigen binding site occupied. If a single antibody…

A: Answer- Each antibody have two binding sites for the foreign antigens. But more complex antibodies…

Q: What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells…

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…

Q: How would you argue antigenic nature of LPS in gram negative cell wall?

A: Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by an envelope that contains two membranes: an inner…

Q: Which of the following complementarity determining regions (CDRS) of antibodies is sequentially and…

A: The immune system of the body governs the body’s ability to fight against the destructive actions of…

Q: What are passive andactive immunization?According to the duration ofthe protection how do thesetypes…

A: The immunology is a branch of science that studies and deals with the immune system of the body. The…

Q: In which of the following cases would treating a patient with an antiserum (purified antibodies) be…

A: Antiserum  Antiserum is extracted from the animals blood like rabbit or horse to treat specific…

Q: Monoclonal antibodies recognize a single: a. Antigen b. Bacterium c. Epitope d. B cell

A: Antigens are substances that cause the immune system to create antibodies against them. Antigens are…

Q: Briefly explain the immunological responses to bacterial superantigens and explain how they differ…

A: By the Bartleby guidelines, only one question can be answered at at time. The first question has…

Q: what type of immunity is responsible for aggulutination of viruses

A:

Q: Differentiate the following secondary antibodies: (a) Mice anti-human, (b) Donkey anti-human, (c)…

A: Introduction Antibodies are the proteins or immunoglobulins produced by B cell agianst a particular…

Q: Both antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in…

A: Bacteria are a kind of organic cell. They comprise a huge space of prokaryotic microorganisms.…

Q: What are the attributes of immunoglobulins produced by multiple myeloma.  Do they help the immune…

A:

Q: Under what conditions are interferons produced, and howdo they limit the transmission of viruses…

A: Interferons (IFNs) are the group of soluble glycoproteins which are known to be cytokines. These are…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a way that an antibody can destroy a bacterial cell? a.…

A: Ans :- option (D) is right

Q: How is the bivalence of antibodies significant for a precipitationreaction, and under what…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the foreign particles and…

Q: Complement components and the C-reactive protein are some of the acute phase reactants. Aside from…

A: Acute phase proteins are group of that plasma proteins which are produced in liver and functions to…

Q: How is the part of an antibody molecule that interacts with an antigen similar to the active site of…

A: Antibodies are group of molecules generated in the body of an organism when  a foreign particle or…

Q: What component must have been present in the positive control solution (antigen, anti-HIV IgG…

A: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting…

Q: What are the listthe host immune defenses that the microbe would have to overcome to be successful…

A: The first line of defense is broad and aims to keep microbes out of the body. The skin and mucous…

Q: ribe the reason that it is useful that antibodies have two antigen binding arms.

A: By the time B lymphocytes reach lymphoid tissue, they have developed their own set of antigens. This…

Q: Explain one mechanism of antibody action against viruses.

A: 1. The viruses are internalized by the macrophages by phagocytosis.  2. Then they process the virus…

Q: Which two types of immune cells can viruses avoid if they present “fake” MHC class I molecules when…

A: The immune system is defined as a complex network or system of cells and proteins that will defend…

Q: Why do certain drugs become immunogenic to the host?

A: Introduction :- Immunogenicity, which is defined as a cell or tissue's capacity to elicit an immune…

Q: hy cannot freeze Human Normal Immunoglobulin injection?

A: Immunoglobulin , which is also known as gamma globulin, is a therapeutic preparation which is…

Q: What are H and N spikes and how do they affect immunity in relation to the flue and why is it…

A: Common cold or flu is a viral infection that is transmitted through the air from person-to-person.…

Q: Which class of antibodies functions as a dimer?   IgE IgG IgM Secretory IgA

A: Immunoglobulins or Ig molecules are synthesized and released by the B-lymphocytes or B-cells. It is…

Q: What are antigenic determininants? What is their role, and how do they function?

A: An antigen is a substance that is regarded as foreign by our immune system. The antigen induces our…

Q: An antibody binding to an antigen within the body can have which of the following outcomes that…

A: The term 'Antibody' defines certain proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and act against…

Q: What are the cellsresponsible for the productionof antibodies?

A: Antibodies are a specialized type of proteins that attach and bind with the body’s foreign invaders…

Q: Antibody Basic Structure Function IgM IgD

A: structure: IgM is constructed of five or six units (i.e. mostly as pentamers but also hexamers…

Q: Describe an immunodeficiency that a person could have that would cause the immune system to select…

A: Our body, has a natural fighting tendency to eradicate all the foreign substances or germs that has…

Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?

A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…

Q: In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?

A: Influenza is a common viral infection that is caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,…

Q: Why are immunosuppressed individuals given antifungal agents?

A: 'Immunocompromised' refers to a weak immune system that is not functioning properly.

Q: What are Antibodies and its role to our body? And How does Antibodies fight covid-19 virus?

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: How could immunoglobulin cross-reactivity between foreign antigens and host cell antigens result in…

A: Introduction Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced naturally by the immune system of the body that…

Q: how does antibodies eliminate large pathogens

A: The antibodies are immunoglobulins synthesized by B-cells and secreted to clear pathogens. They…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.