Which one of the following regarding the chemistry of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis is FALSE?
Q: Which of the following is FALSE about glycolysis?
A: Glycolysis is breakdown of glucose into pyruvate or lactate. Enzymes for glycolysis are located in…
Q: Which carbons of glucose will be incorporated into Palmitic acid by the Fatty Acid Synthase?
A: Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the body with the help of enzymes belonging to the fatty acid…
Q: Why does it make metabolic sense for the same hormone signal to stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit…
A: The muscles and the liver respond in distinct ways to the same hormone signal, thus participating in…
Q: What is glycolysis? How many steps are in glycolysis and what are they? What are the three key…
A: Glycolysis is the process of reaction by which one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules…
Q: Can any of the amino acids (pyruvate, acetyl Co A, Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (PGAL), alpha…
A: Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesis of glucose from the non-carbohydrate source like amino…
Q: What reactions of glycolysis are not readily reversible under intracellular conditions?
A: Introduction: The degradation of glucose into pyruvate with the production of two ATP molecules is…
Q: Which of the following is an anabolic pathway O glycogenolysis O glycolysis O gluconeogenesis O…
A: Anabolic pathway assembles the small molecules into large molecule and the catabolic pathway breaks…
Q: What is glycolysis? What are the products of this process?
A: Cellular respiration involves the primary pathway that begins with glycolysis.Glycolysis is also…
Q: What are the possible fates of glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A in a cell?
A: The study of chemical reactions that occurs within living organisms is called biochemistry. This…
Q: What is the total ATP produced from complete oxidation of 10 molecules of glucose asumming that the…
A: Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is converted into pyruvate, with the production of ATP,…
Q: What is the significance of the ΔG°’ value of each step of Glycolysis? Why do some values classify…
A: The biochemical reactions energetics are best described in terms of the thermodynamic function…
Q: What is the rule of 2 for gluconeogenesis ?
A: Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from glucogenic amino acids. Enzymes involved…
Q: Two molecules of what compound are produced by glycolysis? Does this molecule enter the citric acid…
A: Cellular respiration can be defined as the process in which there is a breakdown of glucose…
Q: What properties of glucokinase allow it to phosphorylate glucose in the liver when the blood glucose…
A: Glucokinase is an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.…
Q: Give the complete chemical equation for glycogenesis.
A: Carbohydrates are one of the main sources of energy in the body. Carbohydrates are compounds made up…
Q: What is the source of the glycerol in triacylglycerol synthesis?
A: Triacylglycerol synthesis requires both fatty acids and a source of 3-glycerol phosphate. During…
Q: What is the effect on gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis of (a) increasing the level of ATP, (b)…
A: Gluconeogenesis is the biochemical pathway in which glucose is produced as the end product. The…
Q: Why is it that only 2ATP molecules are required to store one glucose molecule as glycogen?
A: Glycogen is a homopolymer that is made up of repeated units of alpha-D-glucose and it is connected…
Q: what are roles performed by sodium sulfide and ethanol in catalase and amylase, respectively?
A: Introduction: Enzymes are biological catalysts which means they are the catalysts of life. They are…
Q: Which carbon or carbons of glucose, if metabolized via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, would…
A: Metabolic pathways involve catabolic reactions such as glycolysis and the Kreb cycle. These pathways…
Q: What are the main differences between beta oxidation of saturated fatty acid and beta oxidation of…
A: Beta oxidation is a catabolic process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl co A and…
Q: The disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is…
A: Thiamine: a. Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin and has a specific coenzyme which is thiamine…
Q: How does fatty acid enter mitochondria via the acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter?
A: The mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to fatty acids and so carnitine carrier system plays an…
Q: Define the relationship between the following terms: glucose, glycogen, glycogenesis,…
A: Glucose is a main monosaccharide that is used buy the cell for metabolic energy (in the form of ATP)…
Q: Why is gluconeogenesis necessary?
A: Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose, activated when available glucose from diet and stored…
Q: Why is it advantageous that breakdown of glycogen gives rise to glucose-6-phosphate rather than to…
A: Introduction The phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen results in the formation of glucose-6-phosphate…
Q: Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the addition of UDP-glucose to the growing…
A: Glycogenesis is the addition of glucose molecules to glycogen chains for storing purposes. This…
Q: What is the role of a thioester in the formation of ATP in glycolysis?
A: Glucose is the primary energy provider in living systems. Glucose is catabolized to form pyruvate…
Q: What are four possible metabolic fates of glucose-6- phosphate?
A: The metabolic pathway can be defined as the combination of chemical reactions occurring in a…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a non-carbohydrate material in gluconeogenesis? Choices: Lactate…
A: From the non-carbohydrate source, glucose is synthesized called gluconeogenesis. It is a…
Q: Specify the number of carbon atoms present and the number of phosphate groups present in each of the…
A: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released in…
Q: What are the sources of glucose 6-phosphate in liver cells?
A: Glucose 6 phosphate is produced in the cells in two different ways. The glucose that is…
Q: The disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is…
A: Macronutrients and micronutrients are two different types of nutrition. Macronutrients include the…
Q: When some of the carbons of glutamate are converted to glycogen, what is the order of the following…
A: Glutamine act as a regulator for carbohydrate metabolism where it stimulates the hepatic and renal…
Q: How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the conversion of each of the following to a glucosyl…
A: The free radical structure is univalent and occurs with the removal of the hemiacetal hydroxyl group…
Q: What is the source of the energy needed to incorporate glucose residues into glycogen? How is it…
A: Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in…
Q: Glucose binds to glycogen phosphorylase and competitively inhibits the enzyme. What is the…
A: Glucose belongs to the category of carbohydrates and is a monosaccharide. Plants and some algae…
Q: Which of the following enzymes is considered as the principal enzyme for the regulation of…
A: Glycogen is storage form of glucose. It can be synthesized from glucose by glycogenesis.…
Q: Which of the following is true about the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
A: Mitochondria, also known as the powerhouse of the cell is the site of oxidative phosphorylation or…
Q: What is the net equation for the first 5 reactions of glycolysis?
A: Glycolysis is breakdown of glucose into pyruvate(aerobic oxidation) or lactate(anaerobic oxidation).…
Q: What one carbon waste product of cellular respiration is formed as the 3 carbon product of…
A: Cellular respiration It refers to the process through which organisms utilize oxygen for the…
Q: How many NTP molecules are required to synthesize glucose from each of the following compounds? (a)…
A: Introduction: Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that creates glucose from carbon substrates…
Q: If there are 3 molecules of glucose, how many molecules of pyruvic acid are produced after…
A: From one molecule of glucose two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced ,therefore from three…
Q: What is the net synthesis of ATP when one molecule of fructose-6-phosphate gets converted into 2…
A: All cells require energy in the form of ATP to carry out a variety of functions, such as active…
Q: What is the role of citrate in the transport of acetyl groups from the mitochondrion to the cytosol?
A: Enzyme citrate synthase exist in nearly all living cells and acts as the pace making enzyme in first…
Q: Which of the following could be produced by combining one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid…
A: Hydrocarbons: The most basic monomer that produces a general hydrocarbon structure is the CH2 unit.…
Q: If the conversion of glycerol to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate releases 1 molecule of ATP, how many…
A: glycolysis is the process of oxidation of glucose to pyruvate to yield energy source in the form of…
Q: Glucose is the only carbohydrate that the brain can use for energy. Which pathway is mobilized to…
A: The process of breakdown of glucose to generate the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is…
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- Ethanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism can be transformed into acetyl-COA by the acetyl thiokinase reaction: Acetate+ATP+CoASHacetyleCoA+AMP+PPiAcetyle-CoA then can enter the citric acid cycle and undergo oxidation to 2 CO2by this route, assuming oxidative phosphorylation is part of the process? (Assume all reactions prior to acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle occur outside the mitochondrion). Per carbon atom, which is a better metabolic fuel, ethanol or glucose? That is, how many ATP equivalents per carbon atom are generated by combustion of glucose versus ethanol to CO2?The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.What is the function of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase? catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor oxidation of the alcohol to an aldehyde dehydration and dephosphorylation of GAP hydrolysis of GAP oxidation by NAD+ and formation of acyl-phosphate
- Which of the following is true about comparing the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Group of answer choices They catalyze reactions that produce the exact same set of products They are both dehydrogenase complexes, but have very different structures They both catalyze reactions that oxidize NADH to NAD+ They both use the same E3 enzyme component Which of the following best describes stage 2 of the citric acid cycle? Group of answer choices ATP production by the electron transport chain production of acetyl CoA regeneration of oxaloacetate release of 2 carbons as carbon dioxideWhich of the following statements inaccurately describes glutamate dehydrogenase? Glutamate dehydrogenase uses either NAD+ or NADP+ in a redox reaction Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes an oxidative deamination reaction Glutamate dehydrogenase equilibrium lies with the reductive amination of glutamate Glutamate dehydrogenase utilizes hydrolysis to release ammonium from an imine intermediateArsenate (HAsO42-) can replace inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, causing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to be directly converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (NADH is still formed). If a cell is expose to Arsenate, which of the following metabolites of glycolysis will not be detectable in the cell? 2-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- Which of the following is most helpful in ensuring that wasteful (unproductive) hydrolysis of acetyl CoA does not occur in the reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase? Group of answer choices Citrate synthase is a tetramer Induced fit ensures oxaloacetate binds before acetyl CoA 3 molecules of oxaloacetate bind for every 1 molecule of acetyl CoA Citrate inhibits the reaction Which of the following catalyzes a step that does NOT produce CO2? Group of answer choices alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex malate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase complex isocitrate dehydrogenase Citrate synthase is regulated by... Group of answer choices Concentrations of substrate and products Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate Covalent modification Allosteric regulation by the levels of NADDHThe first reaction in glycolysis that results in the formation of an energy-rich compound (i.e., a compound whose hydrolysis or oxidation has a highly negative ΔG'°) is catalyzed by: a. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. b. hexokinase. c. phosphofructokinase-1. d. phosphoglycerate kinase. e. triose phosphate isomerase.3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) is a very long name for the enzyme that is involved in the production of cholesterol in the human liver. The enzyme catalyzes a reaction in which electrons are exchanged between reactants to form products. This an example of which of the following chemical reactions that are involved in maintaining homeostasis? HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes a catabolic reaction because electrons are exchanged between the reactants to form products. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes a specific type of exchange reaction called an oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are exchanged between reactants to form products. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes an anabolic reaction because electrons are exchanged between the reactants to form products. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes a specific type of oxidation-reduction reaction called an exchange reaction in which atoms are exchanged between reactants to form products. Like most enzymes, HMG-CoA reductase…
- The oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase has an unfavourable equilibrium constant (K'eq= 0.08; G′° = 6.3 kJ/mol), yet the flow at this point in the glycolytic pathway is smooth. How does the cell get out of the unfavourable equilibrium?iodoacetate is an irreversible inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. which of the following is the expected outcome of the exposure of a cell to iodoacetate - Cellular resiration will stop if the cell solely depends on glucose as fuel - The rate of cellular respiration will increase - The reoxidation of coenzymes will noy be affected , but the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation will be diminished - There will be no effect on cellular respiration as long as the cell has a large glucose reserve -The cell sill not be able to reoxidize the reduced coenzymesOne of the consequences of ethanol addiction is fattyliver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulatetriacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fattyacids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells byalcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yieldacetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into themitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA andmetabolized by the citric acid cycle. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting high levels ofNADH cause metabolic abnormalities, one of which is highlevels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also acytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate andNADPH as a reducing agent. Determine how a high level ofcytoplasmic NADH provides a source of NADPH for fattyacid synthesis.