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- In a bacterial culture in which all cells are unable to synthesizeleucine (leu-), a potent mutagen is added, and the cells areallowed to undergo one round of replication. At that point, samplesare taken, a series of dilutions are made, and the cells areplated on either minimal medium or minimal medium containingleucine. The first culture condition (minimal medium) allowsthe growth of only leu+ cells, while the second culture condition(minimal medium with leucine added) allows growth of all cells.The results of the experiment are as follows: Culture Condition Dilution ColoniesMinimal medium 10-1 18Minimal medium + leucine 10-7 6What is the rate of mutation at the locus associated with leucinebiosynthesis?Several temperature-sensitive mutant strains of E. coli displaythe following characteristics. Predict what enzyme or functionis being affected by each mutation.(a) Newly synthesized DNA contains many mismatchedbase pairs.(b) Okazaki fragments accumulate, and DNA synthesis is nevercompleted.(c) No initiation occurs.(d) Synthesis is very slow.(e) Supercoiled strands remain after replication, which isnever completed.Describe an experimental approach to determining the processivity of a DNA polymerase (i.e., the number of nucleotides incorporated per chain per polymerase binding event).
- . In two isolates (one is resistant to ampicillin and theother is sensitive to ampicillin) of a new bacterium,you found that genes encoding ampicillin resistanceare being transferred into the sensitive strain. . To determine if the gene transfer is transformationor transduction, you treat the mixed culture of cellswith DNase. Why would this treatment distinguishbetween these two modes of gene transfer? Describethe results predicted if the gene transfer is transformation versus transductionWhich steps in the double-strand break model for recombinationwould be inhibited if the following proteins were missing? Explainthe function of each protein required for the step that is inhibited.A. RecBCDB. RecAC. RecGD. RuvABCDefine the following terms:a. processivityb. replisomec. exonucleased. DNA ligasee. replication fork
- Polymerases usually add only about 10 nucleotides toa DNA strand before dissociating. However, during replication, DNA pol III can add tens of thousands ofnucleotides at a moving fork. How is this additionaccomplished?After several rounds of replication, if COVID19 RNA changes from 5’ GGGUACAUGGUAGCCCCCGUCGAG …. 3’ to 5’ GGGUACAUGGUAGCCCCCGUCGCCCCGUAG …. 3’ Which of the following describes the above event? a) an insertion mutation occurred b) a duplication mutation occurred c) a multi-points mutation occurred d) a point-series mutation occurred e) an inversion mutation occurredPlease explain one type of “DNA repair” mechanism (what is it, when is it used, how does it work).
- “Using this strand of DNA (TACAACTGA), show what a deletion and insertion would look like”Topoisomerases (a) synthesize DNA (b) synthesize RNA primers(c) join Okazaki fragments (d) break and rejoin DNA to reduce torsional strain (e) prevent single DNA strands from joining to form a double helixExplain how DNA polymerase and topoisomerase 2 contribute to replication in E.coli and what is the role of the role of the metal ions in the polymerase activity. B)How does the use of an RNA primer rather than a DNA primer affect the fidelity of DNA replication in E.coli?