You are interested in a eukaryotic protein involved in immunity, and you are attempting to express this protein in E. coli in order to produce large amounts of the protein. You have identified the gene and place a copy of the gene on a plasmid

You are interested in a eukaryotic protein involved in immunity, and you are attempting to express this protein in E. coli in order to produce large amounts of the protein. You have identified the gene and place a copy of the gene on a plasmid

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter15: Genomes And Genomics

Section15.1: Genomics And Personalized Medicine

Problem 1EG: Who Owns Your Genome? John Moore, an engineer working on the Alaska oil pipeline, was diagnosed in...

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Who Owns Your Genome? John Moore, an engineer working on the Alaska oil pipeline, was diagnosed in the mid-1970s with a rare and fatal form of cancer known as hairy cell leukemia. This disease causes overproduction of one type of white blood cell known as a T lymphocyte. Moore went to the UCLA Medical Center for treatment and was examined by Dr. David Golde, who recommended that Moores spleen be removed in an attempt to slow down or stop the cancer. For the next 8 years, John Moore returned to UCLA for checkups. Unknown to Moore, Dr. Golde and his research assistant applied for and received a patent on a cell line and products of that cell line derived from Moores spleen. The cell line, named Mo, produced a protein that stimulates the growth of two types of blood cells that are important in identifying and killing cancer cells. Arrangements were made with Genetics Institute, a small start-up company, and then Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, to develop the cell line and produce the growth-stimulating protein. Moore found out about the cell line and its related patents and filed suit to claim ownership of his cells and asked for a share of the profits derived from the sale of the cells or products from the cells. Eventually, the case went through three courts, and in July 1990n years after the case beganthe California Supreme Court ruled that patients such as John Moore do not have property rights over any cells or tissues removed from their bodies that are used later to develop drugs or other commercial products. This case was the first in the nation to establish a legal precedent for the commercial development and use of human tissue. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prevents the sale of human organs. Current laws allow the sale of human tissues and cells but do not define ownership interests of donors. Questions originally raised in the Moore case remain largely unresolved in laws and public policy. These questions are being raised in many other cases as well. Who owns fetal and adult stem-cell lines established from donors, and who has ownership of and a commercial interest in diagnostic tests developed through cell and tissue donations by affected individuals? Who benefits from new genetic technologies based on molecules, cells, or tissues contributed by patients? Are these financial, medical, and ethical benefits being distributed fairly? What can be done to ensure that risks and benefits are distributed in an equitable manner? Gaps between technology, laws, and public policy developed with the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, and in the intervening decades, those gaps have not been closed. These controversies are likely to continue as new developments in technology continue to outpace social consensus about their use. Should the physicians at UCLA have told Mr. Moore that his cells and its products were being commercially developed?
Who Owns Your Genome? John Moore, an engineer working on the Alaska oil pipeline, was diagnosed in the mid-1970s with a rare and fatal form of cancer known as hairy cell leukemia. This disease causes overproduction of one type of white blood cell known as a T lymphocyte. Moore went to the UCLA Medical Center for treatment and was examined by Dr. David Golde, who recommended that Moores spleen be removed in an attempt to slow down or stop the cancer. For the next 8 years, John Moore returned to UCLA for checkups. Unknown to Moore, Dr. Golde and his research assistant applied for and received a patent on a cell line and products of that cell line derived from Moores spleen. The cell line, named Mo, produced a protein that stimulates the growth of two types of blood cells that are important in identifying and killing cancer cells. Arrangements were made with Genetics Institute, a small start-up company, and then Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, to develop the cell line and produce the growth-stimulating protein. Moore found out about the cell line and its related patents and filed suit to claim ownership of his cells and asked for a share of the profits derived from the sale of the cells or products from the cells. Eventually, the case went through three courts, and in July 1990n years after the case beganthe California Supreme Court ruled that patients such as John Moore do not have property rights over any cells or tissues removed from their bodies that are used later to develop drugs or other commercial products. This case was the first in the nation to establish a legal precedent for the commercial development and use of human tissue. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prevents the sale of human organs. Current laws allow the sale of human tissues and cells but do not define ownership interests of donors. Questions originally raised in the Moore case remain largely unresolved in laws and public policy. These questions are being raised in many other cases as well. Who owns fetal and adult stem-cell lines established from donors, and who has ownership of and a commercial interest in diagnostic tests developed through cell and tissue donations by affected individuals? Who benefits from new genetic technologies based on molecules, cells, or tissues contributed by patients? Are these financial, medical, and ethical benefits being distributed fairly? What can be done to ensure that risks and benefits are distributed in an equitable manner? Gaps between technology, laws, and public policy developed with the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, and in the intervening decades, those gaps have not been closed. These controversies are likely to continue as new developments in technology continue to outpace social consensus about their use. Do you think that donors or patients who provide cells and/or tissues should retain ownership of their body parts or should share in any financial benefits that might derive from their use in research or commercial applications?
You are interested in a eukaryotic protein involved in immunity, and you are attempting to express this protein in E. coli in order to produce large amounts of the protein. You take your DNA construct and place it into E. coli. You measure protein expression and notice that no protein is being made. Provide 1 reason why you don't see protein as it relates to transcription and how this problem could be resolved.
With the exception of retroviruses, the direction of transfer of genetic information in all living things is as follows: A. pRNA--> DNA--> mRNA--> protein. B. DNA--> tRNA--> protein C. protein--> DNA--> mRNA D. DNA--> mRNA--> protein
f you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the RNA level? A-Nothing, because the RNA would be made as usual B-Transcription factors would be unable to bind and the RNA polymerase would not be recruited to the DNA, so no RNA would be made. C-The mutation of the DNA would be carried through to the RNA sequence. D-The DNA helicase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so the RNA would not be made. EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER YOU CHOOSE IS CORRECT
Transformation is a process in which bacteria take up new DNA released by dead cells and integrate it into their own genomes (see p. 265 in Chapter 9). In Streptococcus pneumoniae (which causes many cases of pneumonia, inner-ear infections, and meningitis), the ability to carry out transformation requires from 105 to 124 genes, collectively termed the com regulon. The com regulon is activated in response to a protein called competence-stimulating peptide (CSP), which is produced by the bacteria and exported into the surrounding medium. When enough CSP accumulates, it attaches to a receptor on the bacterial cell membrane, which then activates a regulator protein that stimulates the transcription of genes within the com regulon and sets in motion a series of reactions that ultimately result in transformation. Does the com regulon in Streptococcus pneumoniae exhibit positive or negative control? Explain your answer.
In order to express a eukaryotic gene in bacteria, which components are necessary for an expression vector that are not found in a regular plasmid? Select all that apply. a.)bacterial ribosome-bind sites b.)origin of replication c.)bacterial promoter d.)centromere
You are a research scientist working in genetic engineering. You create a piece of DNA that you want to express in E. coli, a prokaryote. This piece of DNA (represented by the schematic in the figure) consists of a bacterial promoter, a ribosome binding sequence (RBS), a eukaryotic gene and a terminator sequence. Do you think that this piece of DNA would be expressed if placed into an E. coli cell that contains all the machinery needed for gene expression? Fully motivate your answer.
Some DNA vaccines use a brief and small electrical shock to get DNA in plasmids into cells. What advantage would there be in using DNA vaccines that consist of plasmids instead of just pieces of double-stranded DNA? The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein? Why not just inject the double-stranded cDNA that codes for the spike protein of the virus? What additional step or steps would you need to use to get the human muscle cells to produce the spike protein if the cDNA was injected to serve as the virus?
If you wanted to express a library of human proteins in yeast, there are several good reasons why it would be better to use a cDNA library instead of a genomic library from humans. Which one of the following options is not such a reason? a. yeast may not initiate transcription or splicing of a human gene at the correct locations b. some genes will have very high representation (many plasmids contain the gene), while others will have very low representation (few or no plasmids contain the gene) in the cDNA library c. most genomic library clones would be useless, because only ~1.5% of the human genome actually encodes proteins d. a cDNA library can contain multiple splice variants, which are common for human genes e. introns are often very large in the human genome, making it impossible in many cases to contain a genomic version of an entire gene in a single plasmid
The following is part of the non-template strand of DNA for a gene. 5'-TACTATCATGAGAGATAGGAG-3' Which of these sequences corresponds to the mRNA after transcription A)5'-AUGAUAGUACUCUCUAUCCUC-3' B) 5'-TACTATCATGAGAGATAGGAG-3' c) 5'-ATGATAGTACTCTCTATCCTC-3' d) 5'-UACUAUCAUGAGAGAUAGGAG-3' E) N-Tyr-Tyr-His-Glu-Thr-C
Microb an mRNA molecule has the sequence 5'UCA GAA AUG CAC3. Which of the following best describes the tRNA that binds to the third/3rd codon of this mRNA? has anticodon AUG and the amino acid tyrosine It can have any anticodon and any amino acid Has the anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine Has the anticodon CUU and the amino acid glutamic acid must have the anticodon TAC Has anticodon UUC and the amino acid lysine