You have a 4 kg block of ice at 0 °C. a) How much heat is required to melt this block of ice? b) After the ice has melted, how much heat is required to heat the liquid water to 100 °C? c) After the liquid water is heated to 100 °C, how much heat is required to boil all of the liquid? d) What is the total amount of heat required to complete all three steps?

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Crystal Structures

Solids are present all around us. They have different properties and applications. Diamond and graphite are two well-known solids. Diamond is the hardest material in the world and is used in making jewelry. Graphite on the other hand is soft. The lead of your pencil is graphite. Why are they so different in appearance and properties despite the fact they are chemically the same? Both are allotropes of carbon. The answer lies in the structure, the way constituent particles are arranged in the solids.