Absorbed dose

difficulty encounter in oral formulation (as estimated more than 50% of oral formulations are found to be poorly water soluble) has low bioavailability, giving increase to additional problems like high inter and intra subject variability , lack of dose uniformity and finally leading to therapeutic failure. The challenging mission is to increase the bioavailability of drugs (3). To overcome this difficulty, the oral controlled release (CR) formulations have been developed , as these will release the

I have chosen option number two, ionizing radiation effects on cells and tissues this week, since radioactivity and its effect on people has always been a topic of immense interest to me and also since I have some experience at specialized schools working around live radioactive sources and within a mildly irradiated area since training for response to a radiological incident is greatly enhanced when the monitors truly get readings. The tissues and cells of the body are defined in both structure

2.3. Toxicokinetics of fungicides: Toxicokinetic studies provide important data on the amount of toxicant delivered to a target as well as specific metabolism. Animals are exposed to fungicides through ingestion or they are absorbed through the skin or the respiratory system. Different factors regulate their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In general, the liver is the primary site for biotransformation and may include detoxification as well as activation reactions (Gupta., 1986)

The use of pesticides have been dated back to over 4,500 years ago, when the Sumerians used sulphur compounds to protect crops from mites and insects (1). The use of pesticides are abundant in the United States and globally. The United States accounted for over one billion pounds of pesticide use in both 2000 and 2001, with over five billions pounds used worldwide in each year (2). The United States accounted for approximately 23% of the global use of pesticides. Pesticides have long been used

prescriptions and over-the-counter preparations contain salicylates, therefore chronic dosing which can cause toxicity is a common emergency problem. Salicylates are weak acids and well absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. Peak plasma salicylate levels occur in 15 to 20 minutes after ingestion of therapeutic doses, whereas with overdose peak serum salicylate concentrations are delayed and achieved after 4 to 6 hours due to bezoar formation and pylorospasm. Also, taking extended-release, enteric-coated

Methotrexate (MTX), is an antifolate drug that was first developed to treat certain types of cancer. The use in cancer therapy is at higher doses whereas its use in rheumatic diseases is at much lower doses. It was found that the addition of a maintenance therapy following remission comprising of 6 mercaptopurine daily along with methotrexate weekly resulted in higher chances of remission. As per the current ALL protocols, induction and consolidation therapy is followed by oral 6 MP/ methotrexate

treatment. The radiation dose is delivered using the computer-generated images. During the treatment, the patient is surrounded by a linear accelerator which rotate 360 degrees, it delivers the beam of radiation directly to the tumor as it rotates. This beam is shaped to conform the shape of the tumor. The beam is continually shaped in order to coincide with the shape of the tumor, by doing so it

and bitter microcrystalline powder, which can dissolve slightly in water. It is soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, and very soluble in dichloromethane. It is extremely toxic. Physostigmine sulfate was taken orally in rats. The lethal dose was 4mg/kg. Physostigmine was taken intraperitoneal and

ALPRAZOLAM Alprazolam is used as an anxiolytic drug and it has nonspecific depressant effects on the central nervous system. It’s used orally. It’s absorbed from gastrointestinal tact greater than 80%. Peak plasma levels usually occur within 2 hours. Alprazolam has a high protein bound (80%). Serum albumin accounts for the majority of the binding. It has a small volume of distribution (less than 1.5L/kg). Alprazolam and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. The mean plasma elimination

within the body. However, information is still known about acetaminophen within the body. Paracetamol is metabolized in a hepatic manner. Meaning in the liver. It is converted to inactive compounds in union with sulphuric and glucuronic acid and absorbed into the blood stream. Subsequently, it is excreted from the kidneys. Painkiller work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2 which catalyse the formation of prostaglandins. Paracetamol works by blocking the COX-3 enzyme which