Bacteriophage

each new target DNA site. CRISPR-Cas9 made the process of genome editing more efficient, effective, and precise by using RNA and proteins (“CRISPR”). CRISPR-Cas9 is a natural system that helps bacteria defend against attacking viruses known as bacteriophages. This process begins with the “CRISPR sequences [bookending] short stretches of DNA that bacteria have copied from invading phages, preserving a memory of the viruses that have attacked them in the past” (“CRISPR”). These sequences are then transcribed

Summary: The basic idea behind cell tracing, as the term suggests, is observing a cell or population of cells over time to record the changes occurring within them. Prospective lineage analysis allows the tracing of pre-selected candidate cells to study their outcome. Whereas, retrospective lineage analysis refers to the systematic analysis of a population of cells at the end of a study/sample collection to determine their origin(s). The simplest method of cell tracing is by direct observation of

Our ancient ancestors in the Neolithic Era only lived for an average of 20 years, an age now considered to be only the beginning of adulthood. As human technology becomes more sophisticated and knowledge of the ourselves and of nature expands, humans develop longer lifespans and the general quality of life improves. In fact, we have more than tripled the lifespan of our ancestors while retaining much of the same biological fitness. Humans have withdrawn from natural selection because technologies

1. The diagnosis is bacterial gastroenteritis, commonly known as “food poisoning” or the “stomach flu”. Gastroenteritis is inflammation and swelling of the gastrointestinal track. Gastroenteritis can usually caused by ingesting food contaminated with some bacteria. Furthermore, some common causes of gastroenteritis include, shigella infection, cholera, and salmonella infection. There are many symptoms of gastroenteritis, including diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting (Guerrant

Biotechnology tools and Techniques 1) Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria (and harvested from them for use). Because they cut within the molecule, they are often called restriction endonucleases. In bacteria the restriction enzymes naturally provide immunity to the bacteria against bacteriphage by cutting viral DNA is that introduced into the cell (Fig. 2 Page 280). After being cut, the viral DNA becomes inactive and thus the phage cannot attack the

How would you feel if everyone you knew had a deadly virus that was known but not curable? You had to wear a mask around them, unable to hug or shake their hand. Due to the medical advancements made in the 1800’s, we can still go about our lives and smell the roses. The medical field has ameliorated the world since the 1800’s. Some of the important discoveries included vaccines and inventions. These developments supplemented the world we live in today. The developments in the 1800’s made the medical

LABORATORY TESTING OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 36.512 Medical Bacteriology   INTRODUCTION Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital acquired and life-threatening infections. It has also emerged recently as a cause of community-acquired infections. MRSA strains were first detected shortly after the introduction of methicillin in the early 1960s. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is mediated by an altered penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a)

[6] CRISPRCas9 also prevents foreign DNA e.g. transposons, bacteriophages and plasmids from invading bacteria by providing protection to them and from the results it was shown to be a strong pressure for the strength of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. [6] Another important thing about CRISPRCas9 is that

graduate study program at the University of Indiana in Bloomington. At Indiana he was inspired by geneticists H.J. Muller and T.M. Sonneborn, and microbiologist S.E. Lucia, under whom Watson completed his thesis regarding the effect of hard X-rays on bacteriophage multiplication. From 1950 to 1951 he traveled to Copenhagen as Merck Fellow of the National Research Council during his first postdoctoral year. He worked with biochemist Herman Kalckar and microbiologist Ole Maaløe shortly thereafter, and studied

I am writing to apply for the Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, New York. I am a graduate of Montclair State University (MSU), New Jersey, with a double major in biology and psychology. I was born in Afghanistan and completed high school in 2006. It was challenging for a woman to participate professionally in Afghan society after decades of war. However, after completing high school, I was able to start working with databases for international organizations, moving from data