Base pair

substrate and the departure of a leaving group. A nucleophile is a compound or ion that donates electrons to promote bond formation (Caldwell, 1984). In order for a leaving group in a compound to leave, it must possess the characteristics of a weak base and be able to occupy electrons. Several factors affect the rate and favorability of such reaction, such as (Bateman, 1940). In addition, the substrate that is attacked by the nucleophile is commonly an unhindered primary substrate to allow the reaction

Chemistry “Chemical Reaction and the PH Scale” Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist. The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter. As you might imagine, it's useful to be able to measure the acidity of solutions. Scientists have come up with the pH scale for determining the concentration of acid in a solution so we can distinguish

Acid Rain: its Effect Acid rain refers to precipitation that is more acidic (having lower pH levels) than average. In more detail, acid rain is a type of precipitation that has mixtures of wet and dry materials coming from the atmosphere, which includes more nitric and sulfuric acids (Conserve Energy Future: Acid Rain). Acid rain can also be written as “Acid Deposition” because the acid rain could come down as other precipitation, for instance, snow. This became a worldwide problem due to the

and water are used in car batteries as the electrolyte. Bases or alkali are a chemical that will react with acids and usually have a slimy or soapy feeling on contact with skin. Bases readily accept hydrogen ions and has a pH level that is higher the 7. Bases have a bitter taste and neutralise d by acids, producing water and a salt. Some common laboratory bases are Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide and Calcium Hydroxide. Stronger bases are commonly used today in many cleaning products. Indicators

Arsenic contamination in groundwater has become a major health problem for human being. There are many treatment methods have been developed for arsenic removal. It is important to develop a treatment method that is economical and accessible for people who live in rural areas and cannot afford the expensive treatment methods. Due to its several advantages, such as low cost and maintenance, electrocoagulation is one of the promising methods that can be used for arsenic treatment. In this study, we

The relatively close pH levels of Tap Water, Spring Water, Flavored Water, and Seltzer Water. Introduction This experiment was performed to investigate the following hypothesis: The following four different types of drinking water (spring water, seltzer water, tap water, and flavored water) we test will relatively have the same pH level. Our group decided to test different types of drinking water to see if a pH level of tap water is comparable to other types of water. Many people believe

The goal of the project was to characterize an "unknown" organic acid in order to make a proper identification of the acid, while learning proper techniques for scientific measurement and analysis of error. In order to ensure the most accurate data, a purification was performed by the process of recrystallization. To perform the recrystallization the powder was dissolved in a minimal amount of hot ethanol/H2O solvent that allowed the unknown powder to crystallize properly when cooled. This process

The graph shows the pH value of acid rain water affecting crops in Vietnam. The two bar charts represent two different places in Vietnam: Hoa Binh and Ha Noi. The graph proves that the frequency of rain with below a pH of 5 is more frequent than above 5. This pH value results in the crops growing less. Like Vietnam, Canada is also facing issues with acidic deposition. A case study done by un.org claims that ‘The North American Maple is dying at a rate of 2.3% for each 100 exceedance units due to

Bubbling Bath Bombs Hypothesis What makes bath bombs fizz and bubble? Will a bath bomb containing lime juice rather than citric acid dissolve faster? I think there is a chemical reaction within the bath bomb that makes it fizz, but I am not sure what things are reacting. I also think that if I substitute lime juice for citric acid in one half of the bath bomb, the half with citric acid will dissolve quicker. This is because it is pure citric acid, unlike lime juice which has other things as well

In conclusion to the first portion of the experiment, which included the continuous heating and cooling of a 1.5-gram sample of barium chloride dihydrate, the litmus paper tested indicated that there was no release of acidic vapors during the separating of the water and compound bonds. In other words, the chemical equation BaCl2 + 2H2O (s)  BaCl2 + 2H2O (g), labeled as 5.3 in the original lab report, is best used to describe the transition which took place during this portion of the lab. The second