Carbocation

Courtney Copeland Alexis Madrazo TA: Katrinah Tirado October 10, 2017 Synthesis and Reactivity of tert-butyl Chloride via an Sn1 Reaction Copeland 1 Introduction/Background Substitution reactions are important chemical processes that contribute to the production of new compounds. Simplistically, these reactions take place through a series of steps in which one functional group is replaced by another (March). There are two types of nucleophilic substitution reactions, first-order and second-order

Several thousands of compounds are yet to be discovered, but there are many tools and methods available to uncover the identity of newly synthesized compounds. These techniques include performing NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, as well as analyzing melting points and refractive indexes. In particular, spectroscopy and spectrometry are especially useful in determining chemical and physical properties, and they are highly applicable to pharmaceutical product development. According

between 2-Methylcyclohexanol and sulfuric acid. In this acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction, the oxygen atom is first protonated, the oxonium ion is then endothermically decomposed into a carbocation and water, and finally the loss of a proton from an adjacent carbon atom forms an alkene. Due to the presence of carbocation rearrangement, three products are formed as shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1: Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol into 1-Methylcyclohexene, 3-Methylcyclohecene, and

Lab Report 9: SN1 and SN2 Mechanisms: Nucleophilic Substitution Raekwon Filmore CM 244 Section 40 March 27, 2018 Introduction: For this week’s experiment, involved nucleophilic substitution of SN1 and SN2 reactions. On two separate days, SN2 was done first followed by SN1 being done in the next lab. The substitution of one group from a saturated sp3 hybridized carbon atom is typically a reaction that is used to interconvert different functional groups. In this reaction in particular, nucleophiles

the OH-C to form H2O-C. The H2O is a good leaving group. As the LG is on a tertiary carbon, an Sn1 reaction should occur. In the rate determining step, the water will leave, to produce a tertiary carbocation. In the second (fast) step, the Cl- nucleophile from the dissociated HCl will attack the carbocation and 2-chloro-2-mehtylbutane forms. In this reaction, some E1 also occurs; however, HCl will react with the product of E1 to produce the 2-chloro-2-methylbutane product. In the lab, after the reaction

The data reveals that reactions occurred in all four test tubes. This means that all four test tubes turned out to be positive reactions. The data collected regarding the reactions did not meet the expectation. The expectation was that two out of the four tubes would yield a reaction. To be specific, the expectation was that only one of the first two tubes would have a reaction, and only one of the second two tubes (tubes 3&4) would have a reaction. This was the expectation because the goal of the

Preparation of 4-bromoaniline Introduction Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich, it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups

become protonated; if not protonated, it is a bad leaving group, but once it has been protonated to become -H2O+, it can readily depart. After this step, a base must be present to complete the elimination reaction by removing a proton from the carbocation intermediate and thus enacting the formation of a double bond. This base must be a bad nucleophile so that a substitution reaction instead of the desired elimination does not take place, and it should be strong enough to accomplish this step. The

CH 220C – Organic Chemistry Lab Experiment 13: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Bromobenzene and Relative Rates of Reaction Rodan Devega Introduction Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions involve the replacement of a hydrogen atom bonded to an aromatic compound by an electrophile. The rate and direction of the EAS reaction depends on the functional groups present on the aromatic compound. The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize bromonitrobenzene by reacting

I. Objectives * Be able to prepare cyclohexene from the dehydration of cyclohexanol * Understand the mechanisms of the dehydration reaction (acid-catalyzed dehydration). * Know how to use the necessary equipment for this reaction, such as the fractioning column. * Obtain positive results in unsaturation tests for the presence of carbon-carbon double bond (cyclohexene). II. Background Cyclohexanol, the reagent of this experiment, is used in the production of nylon