Glucose 6-phosphate

provided by Myoglobin (a muscle-fibre oxygen-binding protein) and breaks down glucose in aerobic cellular respiration. The chemical reaction yields Carbon dioxide, water and energy. Structure of glucose molecule (BBC, 2014) Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) = Carbon dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) + ATP Energy To yield energy ATP is broken down, with the aid of ATPases, into Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a phosphate and energy. ATP ➙ ADP + Pi (phosphoric acid) + Energy A sequence of Glycolysis

macromolecules in 12 pre-chosen chemicals. To carry out the lab, three different tests were performed: The Iodine test, Benedict’s test and Biuret test. The twelve chemicals that were being tested on throughout the experiment included: 1% glucose solution, 0.3% glucose-1-phosphate, 1% maltose sugar, honey solution, 1% sucrose solution, 1% lactose solution, 1% glycogen solution, 1% starch solution, protein, beer, distilled water and an unknown substance “unknown 193”. The Benedict’s test was intended to check

energy substrates through OXPHOS for the production of energy. Metabolism of early pig embryos has been discussed in the previous section. These early cleavage stage embryos metabolize very little glucose through

(Hudon-Miller, 2012). 2.  (Gresham HS IB Biology, 2007) 3. (Shmoop Editorial Team, 2008) 4. The first two steps of fructose metabolism in the liver is fructose is broken down by fructokinase into fructose -1-phosphate substrate and then Aldolase B converts fructose-1-phostpate into DHAP-glyeraldehyde product. At this step, it can go into glycolysis and make ATP or gluconegenesis to eventually make glycogen (Hudon-Miller, 2012). 5.  a.  With the lack of

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is split to form the pyruvate, and this occurs through a series of small reactions. First, ATP converts to ADP by breaking off a phosphate group which is added to the glucose. This is a phosphorylation reaction. Phosphate is high in energy and destabilizes the glucose molecule. After the glucose is rearranged into fructose, another phosphorylation reaction occurs, making the glucose molecule extremely unstable

Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate aldolase. Both are important because it is responsible for gluconeogenesis and fructose metabolism. Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that results in the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates or the opposite of Glycolysis (Figure 1). In simple terms, a mutation on Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate would both hinder the production of pyruvate and the production of glucose. Fructose Intolerance is also referred to as Fructose 1-Phosphate Aldolase Deficiency

Abbreviations: GRAS: Generally Regarded As Safe FBA: Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase FBP: Fructose Bisphosphate GAP: Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate DHAP: Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate MSA: Multiple Sequence Alignment Introduction Lactococcus lactis is a Gram positive bacterium commonly used to produce buttermilk and cheese. In most cases they are known to produce Lactic acid. Traditionally regarded as a GRAS microbe, and with its ability to produce lactic acid, it is one of the most important organisms used

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31, PEPC) is a ubiquitous plant cytosolic enzyme and Widely distributed among all plants, including C3, C4, and CAM species. This enzyme which catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and bicarbonate, plays a substantial role in the initial carbon fixation reaction in C4 and CAM plants (reviewed in Ref. 17) In these plants, mentioned reaction occurs in the mesophyll cells of the leaves. The generated oxaloacetate is converted

dependent on the reactivity of the sugar involved. Fructose is much more reactive than glucose. In vivo, the rate of non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin was 7.5 greater, and the rate of protein cross-linking (a marker of aging) was 10 times greater, in the presence of fructose than in the presence of glucose. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that fructose has a much greater implication in the aging process than glucose, taking the glycosylation of haemoglobin as an assay for this. [1] As a reducing

properly, it requires energy which mainly comes from carbohydrates and fats we would take in as food. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose which is soluble in blood. It is transported by the blood cells all around the body where it reacts with oxygen and will produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy. C6H12O6 +6O2 ------------6CO2 +6H2O +Energy Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Carbon dioxide and water are formed during respiration(the burning of food in the