Left ventricular hypertrophy

atrium on the left and one on the right. Structural defects are most likely to occur during this time of development. Eight weeks after conception, the fetal heart consists of

(22) , heart failure (23), androgen (24) and reactive oxygen (25)) lead to increase glucose utilization and decrease FA oxidation, increase alpha adrenergic receptors that contribute in cardiac hypertrophy (26). highly expression PPAR훼 is associated with impair cardiac muscle and reduce left ventricular ejection fraction (27–29) . Stimulant as retinoic acid (30), glucocorticoids (31), retinoid X receptors (32), exercise training (33) , related receptors alpha (34), AMP-activated protein kinase

hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis is due to the low SVR and increased arterial compliance (Timoh et al., 2011). Administration of vasoconstrictors, such as angiotensin II and terlipressin, increases the SVR and thereby the left ventricular afterload unmasking a latent left ventricular dysfunction in cirrhosis. On the other hand, vasodilators, like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and other afterload-reducing agents, should be used cautiously due to the risk of more aggravation of the vasodilatory

blood flow in Mandy’s body. Tetralogy of Fallot is a defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow by four abnormities. These include: pulmonary valve stenosis which involves the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. This reduces blood flow to the lungs. Ventricular septal defect is a hole in the wall that separates the two lower chambers,

following research paper details the medical-surgical treatment and nursing care of patients with heart failure, and includes information specific to left-sided heart failure. Left-sided or left ventricular heart failure (LSHF) is most often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF) in the clinical setting. LSHF results in inadequate left ventricular, cardiac output and consequently inadequate, systemic tissue perfusion. The most common contributing factors initiating LSHF are atherosclerosis

failure affects approximately 23 million people worldwide and roughly 5.8 people are affected in the United States (Alpert et al., 2014). It is estimated that roughly 40 to 71% of people affected by heart failure have a normal or close to normal left ventricular ejection fraction (Alpert et al., 2014). The prevalence of heart failure increases with age and it is estimated that 6-10% of people over the age of 65 are affected (Kasper et al., 2015). Heart failure is a progressive disorder that is often

Syndrome) Type 2 cardiorenal syndrome is defined as “Chronic abnormalities in heart function leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction” (7). Examples include ischemic heart disease, hypertension, congenital heart disease, chronic heart failure, left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction and cardiomyopathy resulting in kidney disease. (7, 8). This type is reported in 63% of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure. (11, 12).

this deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries into the pulmonary circulation. The RV pumps the same amount of blood as the left volume pumps, this amount equals the stroke volume. The RV ejects blood against the pulmonary vascular resistance which is characterized by a low impedance and a highly distensible pulmonary arteries. On the other hand, the left ventricle (LV) ejects the blood against the systemic vascular resistance which has much higher impedance than the pulmonary resistance

of hypertrophic CMP are 1) massive ventricular hypertrophy; 2) rapid, forceful contraction of the left ventricle; 3) impaired relaxation; and 4) obstruction to aortic outflow,” (Kupper & Mitchell, 2014, p. 828). Patients can appear asymptomatic or may present with dyspnea that is caused by an elevated diastolic pressure (Kupper & Mitchell, 2014, p. 828). Fatigue, angina, and syncope may occur due to a decrease in cardiac output, an increase in left ventricular muscle mass, or an increase in obstruction

Fibrillation (AF). In addition, the journal provides information about the role rhythm plays in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular arrhythmias. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the leading monogenetic cardiomyopathy. HCM has a prevalence of 1:500 (Ali, 2018). Localization and severity of hypertrophy dictate whether HCM patients may suffer from ventricular outflow tract obstruction, mitral regurgitation, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia and fibrosis (Ali, 2018). AF is the