Retinal ganglion cell

Digestive System: Homo Sapiens Focusing on the two man orifices involved with the digestive system of the human body, we are donuts. Inserting food into the mouth to begin the process, which will eventually expel the unusable waste material out of the body at the anus. In the mouth several structures act simultaneously to start digestion and is composed of two portions. The buccal cavity, the space in front of the teeth bounded to the cheek and gums; and the oral cavity proper the space inside the

Mitochondria are small organelles found in eukaryotic cells which respire aerobically. They are responsible for generating energy from food to ‘power the cell’. They contain their own DNA, reproducing by dividing in 2. As they closely resemble bacteria, it gave the idea that they were derived from bacteria (which were engulfed by ancestors of the eukaryotes we know today). This idea has since been confirmed from further investigations, and it is now widely accepted. (Alberts et al., 2010a) The genes

3.1 Anatomy of the two pathways As visual information exits in the occipital lobe, it then follows two main pathways. The dorsal pathway begins with V1, goes through V2, then to the dorsomedial area (DM/ V6) and Visual area MT (middle temporal/ V5) and to the posterior parietal cortex. The ventral pathway travels from V1, goes through V2, then through visual area V4, and finally to the inferior temporal cortex (IP cortex). 3.2 History before Milner and Goodale's division I would like to

in GWAS with optic nerve/disc paramters as the quantitative trait: As mentioned before, glaucomatous optic neuropathies are recognized by changes in the characteristics of the optic nerve head, or optic disc, caused by loss of retinal ganglion cells and thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer. GWAS utilizing quantitative optic nerve parameters have so far yeilded 28 genes and genomic regions as listed in Table 1D. 3f. POAG/NTG genes identified from POAG/NTG based GWAS : The GWAS approach has

In neuroscience there are many components that play important roles in the many human functions. They are part of the reasons why human are complex and can perform complex actions. Categories that show the importance of neuroscience is divisions and subdivisions of the human nervous system, neurotransmitters & receptors, neuromuscular, vision, audition, somatosensory, olfaction, gustatory, emotion, learning and memory, and communication. The divisions and subdivisions of the human nervous system

Ophthalmic drug delivery is the most complicated drug delivery due to its unique anatomical and physiological barriers. Viruses, bacteria and fungi are the three most common pathogens causing various ocular disorders. The infections can be either local, where only the ocular tissues are infected or systemic where the infection spreads to various other organs. Immunocompromised patients are more prone to these infections. While some infections are self-limiting and benign, others are associated with

Cochlear implants are commonly used in modern science to treat patients with deafness in one or both ears. The structure of cochlear implants are as follows, an outer component, a transmitter, a receiver-stimulator package and the microelectrode array(Sigfrid D. Soli, 2011). The outer component of a cochlear implant records sound waves, while the transmitter brings the recorded sounds to the receiver-stimulator. The receiver-stimulator then converts the recorded sound waves to electrical impulses

Eye And Color The eye form a “optical image” on the light sensitive cell of the retina. It is very often compared to a camera in it so workings. However it is like a camera in its focusing properties but is very different after the light has hit the retina. The camera just prints a point to point representation of the image on film, where as the is much more complex and interesting. The visible light is only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and various wavelength in this

Receptor cells in humans are specialized to respond to many different aspects of the environment, such as light, sound, temperature, chemicals (in taste and smell) and pressure. The human eye – the sense organ of vision – contains the photo receptors which not only detects light but creates detailed representation of our environment. The eye is a highly complex structure and contains many receptor cells. The receptor cells, called rods and cones, are located in the

involves many complex mechanisms beginning at the onset of transformation of a single layer of ectodermal cells, the neuroectoderm until the end of the differentiation process resulting into highly complex structure involving variety of neural cell types (1,2). A large number of cell types need to be arranged spatially and temporally to form a complex structure during an