Retinal ganglion cell

same target surrounded by territory of lower average luminance. This can be seen in ‘The white illusion’ (figure 4). Here the grey under the white stripes appears to be brighter than the grey under the black stripes. This is opposite of what the retinal-firing-rate explanation of brightness predicts. Based on the action of lateral inhibition the white stripes should darken the grey rather than lighten it. Shapley and Reid (1985) named this phenomenon ‘brightness assimilation’. In this effect

(DHA) is found in high concentrations in the central nervous system, with the highest levels found in the outer segments of photoreceptors in the retina. There have been reports of significantly lower levels of essential fatty acids in the red blood cells of schizophrenic patients treated with neuroleptics and increased breakdown of membrane phospholipids in drug naïve schizophrenic patients using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Previous studies have demonstrated reduced brain omega-3 fatty acid levels

choroid is a vascular layer that provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer retinal layers.  The inner layer of the eye is the retina [4], a complex, layered structure of neurons that capture and process light. The surrounding sclera and cornea help to protect retina and keep it in the appropriate position. There are six major classes in neural retina: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells, which capture and process light signals; and the Mullerian glia, which

either gets gathered by the rods and cone cells before being transmitted to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), or it is straightforwardly gathered by these RGCs. The RGCs utilize the photo pigment melanopsin to assimilate the light vitality. In particular, this class of RGCs being talked about is alluded to as naturally photosensitive, which just means they are touchy to light. There are five known sorts of inherently photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs): M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5. These interface

conditions. The fovea consists of densely-packed cone cells. The fovea part gives humans a clear central vision, allowing reading, bird watching, or any other task which primarily needs staring at things. As they cannot see dim stars, or other celestial objects, its needs for high intensity light does cause problems for astronomers. By using central vision because the light from these is not enough to stimulate cone cells. Because cone cells are all that exist directly in the fovea, astronomers have

them. The cell bodies of the optic nerve are located in the Retina (ganglion cells). Optic nerve begins with unmyelinated axons of the rentinal ganglion cells, which later become myelinated in the optic disc. CN II enters the cranium via the optic canal. The retina has bipolar cells that are connected to the special sensory fibers (rods and cone cells). When light hits the rod and cone cells, electrical impulse are relayed and transmitted to the bipolar cells. That is when the bipolar cells transmit

understanding of glaucoma, requires assessment of the different components incorporate ,retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and, and visual function. On the other hand, elevated intraocular pressure, are not only risk factor of glaucoma .RNFL thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a reliable early marker of glaucoma[1,2]. As the pathogenesis of glaucoma involves the degeneration of axons as well as cell bodies and dendrites, The primary site of axonal damage in glaucoma is thought to

projects to different cortical hemispheres: the ipsilateral retina projects to the ipsilateral visual cortex, and the contralateral retina crosses the contralateral cortex (hemifield crossing in the optic chiasma). The first synapse of the retinal ganglion cells is in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), but information from the left (L) and right (R) eye remains strictly separated. The LGN consists of six layers, layers 1 and 2 are primarily occupied by the magnocellular pathway, and 3–6 by the

main pathway of color vision is as following: light⇒photoreceptor⇒ bipolar cell ⇒Ganglion cell⇒ LGN ⇒ cortex⇒ extracortex. Here I will stress some key points of color vision. 1) photoreceptors ( mainly cones, because rods are sensitive to low light level and blind to color) absorb light, and through photochemical reactions transfer solar energy to electrical energy which can be indirectly displayed as action potential of cells. There are three cones: L, M, S cones respectively. L cones are responsible

This project is about the effect of colors on the brain. You might be wondering about how does the brain even work? Well here are all the answers . The brain is made up of so many different nerve cells that are connected to the body. The brain is made up of 75% of water and is the fattiest organ in your body. How does the brain actually work? Well the brain is connected to the body and in a split second the brain gets a signal to tell the body to do something. Did you know that there is a part