Retinal ganglion cell

eye is made up of three layers. The outer layer is composed of the cornea and sclera, while the middle layer is composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris, and lastly the inner layer is composed of the retina. The retina houses our photoreceptor cells, rods and cones, which allow our eye to adjust to light making it possible to see. Damage to the retina is detrimental to our vision, which can lead to blindness (Barton, H. and Byrne, K. 2007). Light waves from an object enter the eye through the

sends a stream of chemicals which move from various areas of the eye eventually creating the image that you see. The entire retina not only refers to one structure but to multiple structures.According to (Segre, 2015) These include the photoreceptor cells which are subdivided into two groups those of which include rods and cones. The rods when it comes to detection are on a different level in comparison to the cones because the light sensitive pigments that are located inside the rods of the retina

Colorblindness is a disorder that results in a decrease in function of the mechanisms that allow the eye to see colors. These symptoms usually result from a mutation that interrupts the development of the retinal cones. Cones are photoreceptor cells that response best to bright light and serve to discriminate colors. There are three different types of cones each with different pigments blue, green and red (Deeb). Blue cones are able to absorb light with a short wavelength around 420nm; green cones

I. Introduction There is no shortage of new diagnostic technology at optometry’s disposal. It seems every month a new device is available to enhance our practice and patient care. And with each new device, we will have to ask the same questions: Will it pay for itself? How much does it cost? Can I afford it? Let's face it, the last thing any of us needs is a piece of equipment sitting idle in the corner collecting dust, and along with it our simmering anger at the fact we're paying through the nose

Section three Retinal remodeling associated with retinal degenerative diseases Though the neural retina was believed to survive photoreceptor loss in retinal degenerative diseases(RDD) such as RP and AMD, the reality is that when photoreceptor inputs are lost, the neural retina undergoes remodeling, making visual data indecipherable by the visual cortex. Neural retinal changes in response to stress: Phase one: clinically occult changes occur to the circuitry of the neural retina in early stages

photoreceptors, and isomerizes a retinaldehydechromophore (retinal) which is bound to varying types of opsin proteins corresponding in their reactivity to different wavelengths of light. Upon absorption of a photon of light, the chromophore 11-cis-retinal is isomerized to the all-trans confirmation, which subsequently causes a series of molecular interactions which ultimately result in the electrical response of the photoreceptors (Vugler 2010). As 11-cis-retinal is required to absorb photons of light, this compound

the tiny cells in the retina that respond to light. When light from the banana reaches the cones, it changes them to different levels. The outcome is split along the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain, which processes the information and returns with a colour, yellow. Biology relates to the human eye because if we didn't have certain organs or cells we would be able to see.There is three types of cells found in the human eye that allows us to see what's going. The first cell is called

neuroprotective therapies during early stages of the disease, and may be of use for further research on new treatments. A plausible explanation for the thinning of the RNFL in AD is death of retinal ganglion cell axons, and retrograde degeneration due to further loss of cortical neurons. The damage to these cells could be caused by the neurotoxicity of the Aβ aggregates formed during AD. Scientific findings have shown that AD affects the eye, and more specifically produces

1. Explain the essence of homeostasis. Why is it crucial for the bodily systems to maintain homeostasis? Homeostasis is extremely important. It keeps all of our tissues and systems in constant check. Most, if not all, bodily systems depend on one another to function properly and effectively. Homeostasis keep all systems running comfortably and working together. 2. Why one of the risks of diabetes mellitus is the diabetic coma, which results when insufficient glucose is present? IS it triggered

opening, retinal circuits undergo a great deal of maturation and refinement. The immature circuits spontaneously generate propagating bursts of action potentials called retinal waves. Retinal waves correlate the firing of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and play a role in establishing and refining circuits in the visual system, but there is a great deal of controversy about whether waves play an "instructive" or a "permissive" role in neuronal development. The term instructive implies that retinal activity