BUSI885_Task 5-Mabaye-042424.edited

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TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 1 Mabaye, Madjiadoum Accounting Constructivism Flexible Design Single-Case Study Planned Research Design Millennials facing the financial consequences of the government not imposing a cap on the U.S. college tuition.

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 2 Task 5: Draft Research Concept Table of Contents Research Concept .......................................................................................................................... 3 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 3 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4 Introductory Paragraph ................................................................................................................ 4 Discussion of Research Questions ............................................................................................... 4 RQ1 .......................................................................................................................................... 5 RQ2 .......................................................................................................................................... 6 RQ3 .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Specific Problem Statement Coverage ..................................................................................... 7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 8 Introductory Paragraph ................................................................................................................ 8 Research Paradigm ....................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 9 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 10 Theoretical or Conceptual Research Framework .................................................................... 11 Introductory Paragraph .............................................................................................................. 11 Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Diagram ....................................................................... 12 Theoretical or Conceptual Framework and Design ................................................................... 13 Concepts ................................................................................................................................. 13 Theories .................................................................................................................................. 14 Actors ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Constructs ............................................................................................................................... 16 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 17 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 17 References ..................................................................................................................................... 19

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 3 Research Concept This research identifies the student loan burden associated with the lack of government to impose price caps on college tuition. The student loan system has been running ineffectively for a long time. The government needs to audit the student loan system to find out what does not and replace it with an effective program to help graduate students achieve their dreams. The government's lack of control over student loans has contributed to poverty among millennials, resulting in the inability to build sufficient retirement. Introducing a policy to control and reduce student loan payments will relieve the burden. Problem Statement The general problem to be addressed is the significant student loan burden on graduates, which results in their inability to build a sufficient retirement. Dynan (2020) stated that rising student debt has become a severe concern in the broader economy, leading millennials to struggle with effectively projecting and living the American dream. According to Apergis (2022), the average student debt level increased by 232% between 2006 and 2020, while the consumer index increased by only 21.1%, negatively affecting the US's socioeconomic structure and household income dynamics. Carlson (2020) stated that millennials were twice as likely to report feeling overwhelmed by their financial situation as the older generations (40% vs. 22%) and to express concerns about their financial well-being in retirement. Scott III & Bloom (2022) stated that the imbalance between the cost of education and the salary negatively affects many people's lives because, after graduation, they do not earn enough money to live their dream life, like buying a home or starting a family. The specific problem to be addressed is the significant student loan burden on Northeastern U.S. millennial graduates, which results in their inability to build a sufficient retirement.

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TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 4 Research Questions The research questions are designed to guide the research on what angle and concept to focus on and formulate strategic questions to help investigate the root cause of the student loan burden problem. Data will be collected about the student loan burden on millennials, the government's responsibility, and the solutions proposed to reduce the student loan burden through the research questions. The research questions involved in this study include:  RQ1 . What is the extent to which graduate students are unable to build a sufficient retirement due to the student loan burden? o RQ1a How does the impact of student load burden differ between generations?  RQ2. How does income level affect Northeastern U.S. millennial graduates with student loans' ability to save money and build a sufficient retirement?  RQ3. What role does the government play in helping Northeastern U.S. millennial graduates minimize their student load burden to prevent the inability to build a sufficient retirement? Discussion of Research Questions RQ1 The student loan debt is undoubtedly a way to pay for education for people who do not have enough money to pay for college tuition. However, the cost of borrowing that money outweighs its benefit. Millennials need to earn more to keep up with the rising cost of living, limiting their ability to build sufficient retirement due to student loan reimbursement. It is no secret that it can be overwhelming for student loan borrowers to afford both making their debt payments and saving for retirement. According to Apergis (2022), the average cost of college tuition in the U.S. has been rising faster than the nation's general inflation, and paying for college

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 5 has become a significant concern. The student loan burden, which was intended to be helpful to people, is having a severe impact on the economy and lifestyle of millennials. Various reasons cause people to view a college degree as the way to earn a good life or at least live a desired lifestyle. However, the increasing cost of education puts many students under obligation to take out student loans to pay for college. Some people need help paying for college due to its high cost and give up their dreams of continuing their education after earning their bachelor's degree. Others who took risks to continue to graduate schools would sometimes take additional student loans to pay for college but fail to find a decent-paying job that will help them cover student loan reimbursement while improving their overall living conditions. RQ1a. When comparing the rate at which the cost of education, the cost of living, and the salary, millennials severely suffer the burden of student loans. Gen X and Baby Boomers face retirement, and the consequences of their high student debt could hurt their lives. College tuition and the cost of living tend to increase more often than the average graduate student's wage; thus, the gap between the three burdens the student's borrowers to struggle with it (Webber & Burns, 2021). According to Decker (2020), some studies argue that student debt is a symptom of the economic and administrative obstacles many students face in pursuing a college education and suggest that the government should write off some outstanding debt and repair the student loan system. As outstanding student debt expanded rapidly to more than $ 1.5 trillion in 2019, it is by far the second largest category of household debt after home loans in the U.S. The federal government needs more control over the tuition cost of college education, and the slow-growing average salary system in the U.S. is putting more pressure on graduate college students who take out massive amounts of loans to study and must reimburse them with interest. The soaring

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 6 amounts of student loan debt are seriously impacting every generation's retirement; however, millennials, in particular, are bearing the ever-higher student loans, with the debt increasing yearly, thus lowering their quality of life. RQ2 This question focuses on determining the root cause of the problem by measuring elements like income, student loan reimbursement, and the ability to save for retirement. Education is a system that gives and receives instructions to help students learn skills they could use to improve themselves. That is why people who want to improve their quality of life would go to school to either learn a trade or to get a college degree. However, the real burden starts when millennials face difficulties earning enough money to keep up with their high student loan reimbursement while trying to improve their lifestyles. The minimum wage decision is made considering elements like employment industry, geographic location, and the skills of workers in that geographic location. However, there are various options that the government can use to help relieve the student loan burden, such as increasing or balancing the cost of education with the income level of college graduates or imposing a cap on college tuition to prevent them from increasing without control. In the economy, wages in a competitive market are determined by the law of supply and demand; therefore, it can translate to an increase in worker demand or a reduction in supply, or workers will increase their wages. A reduction in worker demand or an increase in the supply of workers will reduce the wage (Green & Golo,2021). RQ3 This question focuses on analyzing the effect of student loan payments on saving money for retirement. Currently, the government has not done anything to control the rising cost of education; colleges and universities raise tuition as they desire, and the consequences. Student

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TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 7 loan debt and delinquency are a mounting problem among American millennials that the government needs to control. Otherwise, the number of young people who attend college will decrease in the future. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, student loan debt totaled $1.48 trillion in Q2 2019, up from $1.41 trillion one year ago in Q2 2018.1 More than one in four adults have student loan debt, most of whom are under 60. The millennial generation is the largest in the labor force; however, it heavily relies on borrowing money to purchase goods and pay for college; debt delinquency could affect their short- and long-term financial goals and build wealth for their futures (Roche Carioti,2020). There needs to be more government policy to control or impose a cap on student loans to prevent them from growing without control. A good retirement needs good savings; however, high debt payments reduce the ability to put money aside for retirement. There are several ways that the government can control the situation to reduce the burden on graduate students and improve their quality of life. First, the government could implement a tuition cap, and second, they can adjust college graduate salaries by the tuition rate. Specific Problem Statement Coverage College graduates play an essential role in the U.S. economy through every action they take. However, sometimes, they need to be better compensated for their contributions to the economy through labor. With the high cost of borrowing money for education and the high cost of living, some millennial graduates working in the Northeastern U.S. are experiencing hardship in repaying their student loans and saving for retirement. The primary key to employment retention in any industry is offering better wages and employee benefits. Such a package will encourage employees to stay and work for their employees for a long time due to the high satisfaction level. In the Northeastern region, living expenses keep increasing occasionally, and

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 8 some people are left with only one option: moving to another state that they think is affordable for them to improve their quality of life (Apergis, 2023) Summary The problem to be addressed is the significant student loan burden on Northeastern U.S. millennial graduates, resulting in their inability to build sufficient retirement and lowering their quality of life. This study will be qualitative and conducted under the paradigm of constructivism design using the single-case study method. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the challenge millennials in Northeastern face in building a sufficient retirement. What is the government’s role in monitoring student loan debt; what are they doing now to control the situation, and how will they prevent it from happening again? Methodology This flexible design case study contributes to existing literature concerning the student loan burden on graduate students in the U.S. It raises awareness of the lack of government control to impose a tuition cap on college tuition for millennials in the U.S., resulting in the possible inability to build sufficient retirement. An in-depth analysis of the research problem will be conducted in the northeastern U.S. with a specific focus on the inefficacity of the role of government leadership in solving this problem. The objective of this research is to identify the extent to which millennials are suffering financially. Research Paradigm The chosen research paradigm is constructivism, which will help build more understanding while actively learning the theory with its incorporation. In other words, constructivism relies on past information instead of life experience; it incorporates observation and study of how people learn. It uses them to create an interpretation that will be used to explain

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 9 the phenomenon. Among the advantages of using constructivism as a paradigm is its unique way of encouraging advanced skills development through critical thinking and constructive learning evaluation and its ability to encourage knowledge creation. Besides that, constructivism is a research paradigm with a single objective reality that knowledge can be built by constructing the knowledge in our minds through the interactions with the environment that we seek to discover utilizing qualitative research methods with objective observations and measurements. In constructivism theory, data is constructed through the interaction between the researchers and the participants and their geographic locations. Nevertheless, the researchers' findings are not reality but are the interpretations of different findings that will be mutually consolidated (Rodríguez- Labajos et al., 2021). As a model for constructing and understanding society and human behavior, natural science is successful due to the development of constructivism. However, constructivism depends on the analysis of social discourse recorded through data collected through observations and interviews. The analysis’s main objective is to define the worldviews; however, constructivists focus on understanding the social environment of those being studied and interpreting it in their social views (Bogna et al., 2020). Methodology This study will be conducted with a flexible design using qualitative methods; specifically, a single case study design will be used. Qualitative research design is a research method that emphasizes data collection through dialog or verbal methods of communication that produce answers to questions that seek to understand the why and what of an event or phenomenon; it comprises annotative, detailed activities that expose the world (Ravn, 2023). Flexible design has no restrictions regarding the data collection method, with its information generally non-numerical. Whatever the reason for the research, the main goal here is to analyze

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TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 10 why students borrow so much money to pay for college. Researchers must collect information from participants primarily by interview method (Phillips et al., 2023). Furthermore, the research plan in this study will be to contact the financial sector employees in the Northeast U.S., but with foremost attention to the effect of student loan reimbursement on their financial decisions because the goal is to ask questions, generate their perspectives, and utilize them in our interpretations of the situation. In-depth interviews with 15-30 participants will be conducted to determine the causes of the failure of the government leadership to impose a cap on U.S. college tuition, which results in the inability of millennials to build a sufficient retirement, lowering their quality of life in the financial sector. For example, Zehrer & Leiß (2020) used an action research approach using a qualitative single case study to investigate communication barriers and pitfalls of intergenerational business transition. Summary The constructivist paradigm believes that knowledge can be actively constructed while learning and personal experience can be used to interpret knowledge. Constructivism encourages actively taking, analyzing, and interpreting information through critical thinking. Their questioning methods often encourage researchers to reflect, experiment, and use their views to explain how we interact as a society. Constructivists use their experience as a foundation and build on it with new ideas that they learn. Researchers utilize this method to increase understanding of the problem. The process includes collecting data, conducting interviews with participants, making observations, or consulting existing records. Besides these elements, qualitative research depends on methods like observations to collect the information needed to continue the study. As a constructivist, the main goal is to take information, analyze and

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 11 understand it, and then use the same information to construct our perception of reality through our cognition. Conceptual Research Framework This research framework is a structure that represents the theoretical investigation of the millennials’ student loan burden in the Northeast U.S. The research is composed of the following elements: the concepts, theories, actors, and construct. These elements will be developed into a structure of the research plan that the researcher will rely on to formulate questions further while analyzing the relationship between the concepts and the remaining elements of the framework. The research will follow the framework's direction to ensure all data are collected and properly analyzed and provide recommendations to reduce the student loan burden on millennials. Conceptual Framework Diagram

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 12 Figure 1. Motivational theory Concepts Theories Actors Constructs Results The Student loan burden on millennials results in the inability to build sufficient retirement. Student loan impact retirement planning A higher college degree leads to higher Income. Education is key. Motivational theory Student development theory Managers Government Leaders Accountants Control Policy Implementation Leadership decision making Financial health

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TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 13 Note. This Motivational theory diagram shows how the lack of government control over the rising cost of education. The problem affects borrowers’ income and monthly Student loan Payments. As a solution, the government needs to create a policy that will impose a cap to monitor the cost of education (Yoes & Silverman, 2021). The primary purpose is to analyze, find, and implement a strategic solution to solve the problem of millennials in the Northeastern U.S. Conceptual Framework and Design Concepts Higher College Degree Leads to Higher Income. College-educated workers enjoy a substantial earnings premium; however, more is needed to relieve the student loan burden. Students have no choice but to borrow enough money to pay for college education while later earning an unequal, stagnant, and non-respectable wage (Taylor et al., 2020). Even with millennials perceiving a college degree as a way to climb the career ladder and obtain higher pay, the real-life experience is totally different. Although a college education is beneficial, the cost of assessing it could be a barrier to financially constrained households, resulting in the inability to build sufficient retirement (Korankye, 2024). Education is key. Although education is key to human development, it should be made more affordable and accessible to all. Travis et al. (2020) stated that the financial burden of student loans on individuals in the millennials is a growing concern amid rising tuition and cost of living. Education plays a vital role in humans' lives, so it needs to be demonetized. The lack of government control to impose a cap on college tuition results in the inability to build sufficient retirement due to high tuition costs, lowering the quality of life (Looney & Yannelis, 2020). Many young people who normally would continue to graduate school stopped their education after earning their bachelor’s degree as a result of the student loan burden.

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 14 Student loan impact on retirement. Saving for retirement in the U.S. has been affected by student loan debt that many millennials are not able to afford. To correct the problem, the government must review its policies to make education more affordable (Mountain et al., 2020). According to Lu et al. (2021), many people are going through financial hardship, often with monthly expenditures resulting in the inability to build a sufficient retirement. Usually, when the government reduces the student loan burden, college graduates would have a little extra money to save for retirement, but before it happens, leadership must address it and lobby for it. Theories Motivational theory. Company managers use this theory to motivate their employees to be more productive. The hope of borrowing enough money through student loans to pay for education and earn a college degree will guarantee a respectable job is still being determined (Yoes & Silverman,2021). The desire to gain knowledge, skills, and personal development to succeed motivates many to take student loan debt to study. However, in the end, they find themselves overwhelmed with debt, and as a result, the number of young college graduates might decrease in the future (Natow, 2022). Student development theory. This theory concentrates on understanding and relating the educational development process to researchers. Moreover, the theory pays specific attention to how to use the available information to develop it to impact the lives of students and professionals positively (Yoes & Silverman,2021). According to Shah et al. (2023), lack of self- efficacy and consequences discourage many who choose education and career management skills to seek their professional development objectives and develop career goals from continuing their higher education. Students perceive it as an investment, but it only sometimes works in favor of borrowers. The burden associated with borrowing for education may discourage enrollment.

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 15 Actors Government Leaders. The problem of student loans keeps growing, and if the government does not address it soon, there will be more possible consequences. The Federal government oversees the higher education policy in the United States through legislative bills. Congress can help forge a pathway toward more effective legislation in the federal higher education policy arena (Natow, 2022). The failure of the government to impose a tuition cap to reduce the student loan burden on millennials resulted in the inability to build sufficient retirement (Looney & Yannelis, 2020). Accountants. Accountants can use their knowledge to analyze and propose alternative solutions to solve the student loan burden problem. Moreover, accountants play the role of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting financial information to help the organization make future strategic decisions and policies (Arora et al., 2023). Accountants can provide numerical proof to prove how financially millennials suffer from student loans, resulting in their inability to build sufficient retirement and lowering their quality of life (Arora et al., 2023). On the other hand, they can play a key role in helping the government design some payment plans and relief to help reduce the burden. Managers. As the government in Washington has many unsolved problems waiting for decisions, the other way to push is by lobbying. Managers can play an important role in lobbying for implementating a policy that will reduce the student loan burden effect on millennials, allowing them to build a sufficient retirement (Teame et al.,2022). According to Vakola et al. (2023), The lack of managers' influence tactics on reducing the student loan burden on millennials resulted in the inability to build sufficient retirement. Without lobbying, the

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TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 16 government will not address the problem, and tuition will keep growing until no one can afford college education again. Constructs Control Policy. Control policy should be one of the critical solutions to the student loan problem. Whatever policy they have in place now does nothing but give liberty to education institutions to raise tuition costs however they please . Implementing a policy to control the gap between the cost of education through student loans and the actual income will help ease the burden of student loans on future college graduates (Looney & Yannelis, 2020). According to Korankye et al. (2024), Having student loans, having difficulty covering expenses, having financially dependent children, having high-risk preferences, and spending more than income increases the likelihood of holding student debt in retirement. Implementation. Once a proper policy is formulated and implemented, an independent monitoring system needs to be established to control the system for efficacity. According to Korankye et al. (2024), before the U.S. federal government initiated mass student loan forgiveness, the cumulative student loan debt in the USA hovered around $1.75 trillion, about 9% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product. This argument supports the implementation of a control policy to control college tuition. The lack of a control gap policy to reduce the monthly student loan payment to millennials results in the inability to build sufficient retirement. (Natow, 2022). Leadership decision-making. Leaders should take the problem of student loan burdens seriously. Most of the critical decisions in the U.S. are in the hands of leaders. Leadership decision-making can help make effective decisions to reduce the student loan burden on millennials by pushing for policy change in Washington, DC (Looney & Yannelis, 2020). Lack

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 17 of Leadership influences government decisions to reduce the student loan burden on millennials, resulting in the inability to build sufficient retirement (Teame et al.,2022). Summary The framework comprises four components: concepts, theories, actors, and constructs. The concepts indicate the reason behind students' motivation to borrow money to pay for higher education. For example, they are borrowing money to pay for college degrees in the hope of earning enough money to live a better life. Through theories, people have the desire to learn and succeed in life but are overwhelmed with debt to education, resulting in the inability to build sufficient retirement. For example, the motivation to develop a career. Actors have an essential role to play in pushing for a solution to the student loan. For example, government leaders can push for changes in the new student loan policy. In the end, constructs lead to the output showing the results, such as the relief of student loan burdens. For example, a new policy that imposes a cap on student loans and reduces payment. Conclusion The research will follow the concepts orientations, such as higher college degrees leading to higher income, education being critical, and student loan impact on retirement. All these concepts are related to strategies that will be applied to theories such as motivational theory and student development theory, which are related to the education system and the student loan burden problem in the U.S. The mission is to possibly influence various actors like government leaders, accountants, and managers decision to push for policy change regarding the cost of college education in the Northeastern U.S. Leaders have failed to address the problem in the hierarchy; however, the lack of government control allows colleges raise tuition every year to the point that it is out of control and that is why the government has a role to play in the situation.

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 18 Furthermore, research questions have been formulated to collect specific data and analyze them to point out problems and responsibilities and propose solutions to the problems. The research questions and framework are designed to support the research using the flexible design methodology in a single case study to ensure clear responsibilities and recommendations are considered to solve the problem.

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TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 19 References Arora, M. P., Lodhia, S., & Stone, G. W. (2023). Accountants’ institutional work: A global study of the role of accountants in integrated reporting. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 20 (5), 647–674. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-06-2022-0108 Apergis, N. (2023). College student loan debt and income inequality in the U.S.: national and regional evidence. Journal of Economic Studies., 50 (6), 1210–1225. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-05-2022-0287 Bogna, F., Raineri, A., & Dell, G. (2020). Critical realism and constructivism: merging research paradigms for a deeper qualitative study. [Critical realism and constructivism] Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 15 (4), 461-484. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-06-2019-1778 Carlson, S. M. (2020). The U.S. Student Loan Debt Crisis: State Crime or State-Produced Harm? Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime, 1 (2), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/2631309X20921567 Decker, P. (2020). Addressing the Student Debt Crisis . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 39 (2), 533–533. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22205 Dynan, K. (2020). Rising student loan burdens and what to do about them. Business Economics, 55 (3), 129+. https://doi.org/10.1057/s11369-020-00180-6 Green, F., & Golo, H. (2021). Europe’s evolving graduate labour markets: supply, demand, underemployment, and pay. Journal for Labour Market Research, 55 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-021-00288-y

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 20 Korankye, T. (2024). Student loan debt in retirement: Identifying the correlates and implications for policy, practice, and research. Managerial Finance, 50 (4), 791–810. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-11-2022-0543 Looney, A., & Yannelis, C. (2020). how to fix federal student loan programs. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 39 (2), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22209 Mountain, T. P., Cao, X., Kim, N., & Gutter, M. S. (2020). Millennials’ future homeownership and the role of student loan debt. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 49 (1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12374 Natow, R. S. (2022). Understanding Higher Education Bill Success in the United States Congress . Review of Higher Education, 46 (1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2022.0011 Phillips, K. M., Tichavakunda, A. A., & Sedaghat, A. R. (2024). Qualitative research methodology and applications: A primer for the otolaryngologist. The Laryngoscope, 134 (1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.30817 Ravn, S. (2023). Integrating qualitative research methodologies and phenomenology—using dancers’ and athletes’ experiences for phenomenological analysis. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences., 22 (1), 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-021-09735-0 Rodríguez-Labajos, L., Thomson, C, S., & O’Brien, G. (2021). Applying constructivist grounded theory in co-production research: a case study exploring its potential and lessons for construction management research, Construction Management, and Economics, 39 :5, 369-382, DOI: 10.1080/01446193.2021.1894654

TASK 5: DRAFT RESEARCH CONCEPT 21 Roche Carioti, K. (2020). Student loan debt: A problem-based learning activity for introductory economics students. The Journal of Economic Education, 51 (2), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220485.2020.1731388 Shah, N., Bano, S., Saraih, U. N., Abdelwahed, N. A. A., & Soomro, B. A. (2023). Leading towards the students’ career development and career intentions through using multidimensional soft skills in the digital age. Education & Training (London), 65 (6/7), 848–870. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2022-0470 Scott III, R. H., & Bloom, S. (2022). Student loan debt and first-time home buying in the USA. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis., 15 (1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-09-2020-0118. Taylor, L. L., Lahey, J. N., Beck, M. I., & Froyd, J. E. (2020). How to do a salary equity study: With an illustrative example from higher education. Public Personnel Management, 49 (1), 57–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026019845119 Webber, K. L., & Burns, R. (2021). Increases in Graduate Student Debt in the U.S.: 2000 to 2016. Research in Higher Education, 62 (5), 709–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162- 020-09611-x Zehrer, A., & Leiß, G. (2020). Intergenerational communication barriers and pitfalls of business families in transition—a qualitative action research approach. Corporate Communications: An International Journal., 25 (3), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-03-2020-005

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