CJ 210 Project Template (1)

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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CJ 210 THE

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Accounting

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Jan 9, 2024

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CJ 210 Project Template Grant Proposal Statement of Need Ideological Influence on Professional Practice Goals and Programs There are 5 goals in sentencing deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution, and restitution. “Deterrence is a goal of punishment designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes.” (Siegel,2017, pg.19). “Offenders are sentenced to prison to restrain them physically so during the time they are confirmed society is protected, a concept known as incapacitation.” (Siegel, 2017, pg. 21). “The rehabilitation aspect of sentencing suggests that people who violate the laws are “society’s victims” they have been mistreated by their family, forced to live in poverty, or suffered some life trauma that through no fault of their own has forced them into a life of crime. They will refrain from a further criminal activity if they can be successfully helped and treated rather than condemned and punished.” (Siegel, 2017, pg.22). Retribution prevent retaliation from the proper punishment for the crime they have committed and gives the family justice. Lastly restitution “The equity goal of punishment means that convicted offenders must pay back their victims for their loss, the juvenile system for cost related processing their cases, and society for the disruptions caused because of their crimes.” (Siegel, 2017, pg.24). Prison can foster rehabilitation by adding additional funding for more programs that would aid in helping these individuals. The second thing I believe is paying for and screening for better quality in the individuals they are hiring to run the facilities. Deterrence has two categories specific and general, general applies to a general population, and “The philosophy of specific deterrence focuses on the fact that individual offenders should learn firsthand that crime does not pay when they experience harsh criminal penalties.” (Siegel, 2017, pg.20). Impact of Sentencing Structures

These two charges have long-lasting effects on the individual’s life. Even if they receive these charges when they are younger, they will stay on their record for the rest of their lives. Felonies “Serious criminal offenses, such as murder, rape, kidnapping, arson, embezzlement, or armed robbery, that according to federal guidelines are punishable by imprisonment of a year or more or by death.” (Simmons, 2022). Misdemeanors are less serious crimes like petty theft and non- violent offenders. Misdemeanors are “Criminal offenses that are more serious than infractions but less serious than felonies.” (Simmons 2022). “Most crimes are misdemeanors and are typically punishable by fines, not more than one year of incarceration, or both.” (Simmons, 2022). Both felonies and misdemeanors can influence an individual getting a job, a house, a vote, and other things. Determinate and indeterminate sentences give defendants a fixed term of years, the maximum set-in law by the legislature, which is to be served by offenders sentenced to prison for a particular crime. If the law provides for a sentence of up to 20 years for robbery, the judge might sentence a repeat offender to a 15-year term. Yet, another robber with few violations might receive a more lenient sentence of 5 years.” (Siegel, 2017, pg. 47). Indeterminate sentence “Sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence.” (Siegel, 2017, pg.46). Invisible Punishment One of the civil liberty restrictions that convicted felons are faced with is that they are not allowed to vote and second is that they are unable to carry firearms. With the change in the gun laws in the state of Texas, a convicted felon can now possess a firearm in her/her home 5 years after completing their parole sentence. Private sector restrictions such as jobs like health care are off limits to felons.

Structure and Logistics of Correctional Facilities Processing Every prison has its intake process. This is the intake process for the state prison. Before an inmate is transferred to a state prison, he/she is at a local jail until he/she has been sentenced. Usually up to 45 days, they are transferred to a permanent prison facility. When the prisoner arrives at his/her permanent facility they are photographed, both hands and palms are fingerprinted, and they will be entered into a nationwide database. They go through mental and medical screenings, security screenings, and case management. The prisoner will get state-issued clothing and property. They gather all this information along with the inmate’s charges to see precisely where the prisoner’s placement will be and the level of security for the prisoner. “Their first experience usually occurs in a classification or reception center, where they are given a battery of psychological and intelligence tests and are evaluated based on their background, offense history, personality, and treatment needs. Specialists attempt to develop a profile that includes criminal and social history, education, job skills and work history, substance abuse, and health. Based on this information, an offender is assigned to the most appropriate custody classification and prison. Violent offenders, high-profile gang members, and hard-core and repeat offenders will usually go to the maximum-security unit. Offenders with learning disabilities may be assigned to an institution that specializes in educational services, offenders with mental disorders will be held in a facility that can provide psychiatric care, and so on.” (Siegel,2017). When the offender is nearing his sentence a discharge plan is created and there are meetings and things they must attend to prepare for their release date. The fourth amendment protects inmates from unreasonable search and seizures of their cells. The intake process is not part of that process. That is so that nothing illegal is brought into the facility.

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Structure To run a prison effectively you will need these different types of trained personnel. Starting with the warden, the warden is overall staff and prisoners, and setting up programs. “The warden delegates the responsibility for custodial services and program services to assistant or associate wardens.” (Siegel, 2017, pg.178). After the Warden, you have the administrative assistant and the business administrator. The administrative assistant keeps the jail record system, financial records, and all clerical duties. The business administrator deals with the financial side and personnel. After those positions are assistant warden operations which handles prison operations such as maintenance and security and the assistant warden programs handle medical and recreational departments. Other personnel that keeps the prison running are captains, lieutenants, and sergeants. They make sure policies and procedures are being followed. Last but certainly not least we have the correctional officers, they make sure the prisoners follow the rules, run visitation for the prisoners, mealtime, recreational activities, daily functions of the prison, and maintain order inside the prison. Prison administrators should be trained in a variety of things. Dealing with prisoners can be very challenging. They should be trained in leadership and how to run a prison effectively and efficiently. Administrators should have the policy for their facility available to them by their warden. They should have a plan for monthly goals and things that should be achieved within that month. A mustang-range plan exists, most wardens know they will become involved in crisis-centered management and will have to face the same problems day after day.” (Siegel, 2017). Training for new staff and training familiar employees in different positions. Switch up assignments so that everyone is familiar with every position.

Prisoners should have available resources such as education programs, prisoners’ rights, medical, and physiological resources, and job core training. Trades that they can use when they return to the outside world. Right to religious information and programs and they should have a resource available if they would like to report if they are being treated unfairly or being discriminated against. There are different types of sanctions in prisons here are some examples Radial Design for male inmates, “In prisons with a radial design, the corridors extend like spokes from a control center at the hub. Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia was the first prison to utilize the radial design. The federal penitentiary at Leavenworth (Kansas) and state penitentiaries at Rahway and Trenton (New Jersey) are other prisons with a radial design.70“(Siegel, 2017, pg. 175). This type of design makes it easier to be controlled from the middle of the prison hub. “In this wheel-shaped configuration, corridors radiate like spokes from a control center at the hub. “ (Siegel, 2017, pg. 175). It separates offenders who are at a higher security risk. Courtyards are designed mainly for female inmates, this kind of design, for offenders who are not of high security, allows them more freedom. “A prison design in which corridors surround a courtyard. Housing, the educational, vocational, recreational, prison industry, and dining areas face the courtyard.” (Siegel, 2017, pg. 175). This allows the offender to feel like they are still in the outside world, but they still must follow the rules of that prison. So, this is good for the offender psychologically. “The attractive buildings provided security without fences until several escapes in the mid-1970s resulted in the construction of eight-foot fences. Small housing units with pleasant living rooms reflect the expectation that the women will behave like human beings and imply that they will be treated as such. The education, recreation, and training areas are ample and roomy. Away from the courtyard are attractive apartments, each containing a living room, kitchen, dining space, two bedrooms, and a bath.

Women who are close to releasing or are on work or educational release occupy these apartments.” (Siegel, 2017, pg. 175). Age-Related Diversity Concerns about age diversity in prisons are numerous. The demand for help increases, starting with elderly prisoners, as their physical condition declines. The cost of keeping these individuals in prison, where they are not provided with age-appropriate care, might be high. Senior convicts also require additional protection because they are frequently preyed upon in jail. When seniors start to slow down, they often pose no threat to society. Transferring prisoners to different settings will help keep jail populations down. Younger prisoners in their early 20s can also end themselves as targets. It has been established that more experienced prisoners prey on younger ones. They are singled out and abused physically, psychologically, and sexually. Systemic Issues The world is not flawless, and neither is our criminal justice system or prisons. Populations within prisons are rising. There is overpopulation because more individuals are moving in, and fewer elderly people are retiring. Although efforts have been made to adopt alternative forms of rehabilitation for minor offenses, the proportion of minor offenders incarcerated in our jails is constantly rising. While using suspended sentences and financial penalties, prison populations are declining, jail populations are increasing for reasons including pre-trial criminals pending trial. Prisoners are forced to merge with the society around them. Over time, prison culture has evolved and adapted. As long jail sentences have grown increasingly common, many older inmates have had to adjust to a whole different way of life. Since these prisoners are aware that their release is not imminent, the best course of action is to continue their criminal behavior. Impact of Diversity

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Diversity in the criminal justice system refers to the range of racial and ethnic backgrounds present there. Most inmates are African American, however, there are other groups to consider, such as Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, etc. Being a minority is very taxing behind the prison walls because many people stick to their "same kind." The inability to communicate with others around you due to a language barrier between some races can be a major nuisance. Recently, gender preferences have grown, which is a problem in both male and female jails and prisons and hurts mental health. Rise of Incarceration and Reduction Strategies The war on drugs, mandatory minimum sentences, harsh penalties for nonviolent offenses, a shortage of mental health facilities, the three-strikes rule, and other factors are just a few of the many causes of the growth in incarceration. People of color now make up the majority of those incarcerated for drug charges because of the war on drugs. It had a negative influence on minority populations and a strong stigma associated with associating narcotics with minorities. Drugs are gradually becoming legal today. Even though marijuana is now legal in many areas, people used to face harsh punishments for even possessing little amounts. These folks, who were made to sacrifice years of their lives for something that is now permitted in some areas, are being treated unfairly. By imprisoning those who break the terms of their parole or probation, strict supervision has aided in the rise in incarceration rates. Using drugs or alcohol, failing to follow monitoring guidelines, and failing to disclose address changes are just a few examples of violations. This relates to prisoners who are re-entering the prison system. Others who committed new crimes, such as drug possession, resisting arrest, and shoplifting, breached their parole. Because they are not provided with the tools necessary for effective rehabilitation, people frequently break their parole.

Prison Culture Long-term incarceration rates impact prison culture because as time passes, prisoners conform to the rules of the prison. Inside the prison, inmates have created their own society and to not be targeted, you need to become a part of it. Being incarcerated for an extended time, a person would experience several traumatic events. This can impact the way prisoners see other people permanently. In prison, rules are completely different. It is more dangerous if you don’t follow rules and you are always on edge and cannot let your guard down. After being in a hostile environment for a long period of time, inmates are left with a paranoia that continues to haunt them after they have left the confines of the prison. These feelings have been likened to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, which can also be found in veterans of war.” (Garcia, 2021). References Siegel, L. J. (2017). Corrections Today (4th ed.). Cengage Learning US. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781337514859 Simmons, D. C., Jr. (2022). Felonies. Salem Press Encyclopedia. Simmons, D. C., Jr. (2022). Misdemeanors. Salem Press Encyclopedia. Garcia, C. (February 15, 2021). Psychological Effects of Long-Term Incarceration. https://joinnia.com/psychological-effects-of-long-term-incarceration/