Lab 1 Flow Measurement Group C1 (1).pdf

Flow Measurement Experimental Lab 1 ENGN 2620: Winter 2024 Thermofluids II University of Prince Edward Island Professor Sundeep Singh Team Members: R. Shokunbi – # 0346275 T. Adebowale – #347968 M. Macdonald – #0355870 N. Manholland - #357199 M. Saleh Mohammad Albarari Feb 12 th , 2024

Lab #1 Flow Measurements Group C1 University of Prince Edward Island Page | 2 Abstract The following experiment's goal was to determine the water's flow rate through a variety of orifices found in a Flow Measurement apparatus. Using the Bernoulli, Steady-Flow Energy Equation and their derivatives, the flow rates for a discharge through a Venturi flow meter, standard flow meter, orifice plate flow meter, and rotameter were determined and compared with a known standard flow. In addition, the head losses with each meter were determined and compared with those of a ninety-degree elbow pipe. The flow rates in the experiment were found to vary only slightly from the known values, and the data for the individual orifices can be found in appendix A-H.

Lab #1 Flow Measurements Group C1 University of Prince Edward Island Page | 3 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4 2.0 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 6 3.1 Calculations ......................................................................................................... 7 4.0 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 9 5.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 10 References .................................................................................................................. 12 Appendix A: Data Readings ......................................................................................... 13 Appendix B: Venturi Meter Mass Flow Rate Calculation ............................................... 14 Appendix C: Orifice Meter Mass flow rate Calculation ................................................. 15 Appendix D: Rotameter Mass Flow Rate Calculation .................................................... 16 Appendix E: Venturi Meter Head Loss and Kinetic Head Calculations ........................... 17 Appendix F: Orifice Meter Head Loss and Kinetic Head Calculations ............................ 18 Appendix G: Rotameter and Wide- Angled Diffuser ΔH/Inlet Kinetic Head ..................... 19 Appendix H – Right-Angle Bend Head Loss and Kinetic Head Calculations .................... 20

Lab #1 Flow Measurements Group C1 University of Prince Edward Island Page | 4 1.0 Introduction Flow measurement is a crucial aspect of fluid mechanics, playing a significant role in various engineering applications such as water supply systems, HVAC systems, chemical processing industries and many others. Understanding the different methods of measuring fluid flow and analyzing associated head losses are essential for engineers and scientists. There are many different devices for measuring the flow rate of fluids, including rotameters, differential pressure flow measurement devices, turbine flow meters and many others. No matter the type of device used, they need to be calibrated or tested to ensure accuracy and account for any discrepancies in the machinery. This experiment's objectives were to measure the volumetric rate using a venturi meter, an orifice meter and a rotameter, and compare the experimental values to a known standard volumetric flow rate based on a measured flow volume and time. The experiment also aimed to compare the head losses associated with these three meters with those associated with a rapidly diverging section or wide-angled diffuser, and with the right-angles bend or elbow. Assuming steady-state, adiabatic conditions, the energy equation for an incompressible fluid can be written as follows: 𝑝 1 𝑝𝑔 + 𝑉 1 2 2𝑔 + 𝑧 1 = 𝑝 2 𝑝𝑔 + 𝑉 2 2 2𝑔 + ℎ 𝐿 Where 𝑝 1 𝑝𝑔 = Hydrostatic head 𝑉 1 2 2𝑔 = Kinetic head (v is the mean velocity) Z = Potential head 𝑝 1 𝑝𝑔 + 𝑉 1 2 2𝑔 = Total head When the liquid moves into a venturi meter, this equation must be altered somewhat; the venturi flowmeter opens with a contracting duct, meaning the head loss ( ℎ 𝐿 ) becomes negligible due to the reduction in flow diameter. As such, the ℎ 𝐿 term goes to almost zero, and the change in height is so small it can be ignored. This leads into the venturi meter derivation of the energy equation: Equation 1

Lab #1 Flow Measurements Group C1 University of Prince Edward Island Page | 5 𝑄 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 [( 2𝑔 1−( ? ? ? ? ) 2 ) ( 𝑃 ? 𝑝𝑔 − 𝑃 ? 𝑝𝑔 )] 1 2 The base equation can also be altered to fit an orifice plate meter. The head loss is not negligible because it goes through a wide-angle diffuser, which creates a head loss big enough to minimize the manometric height difference, resulting in the following equation. 𝑄 = 𝐴 𝐹 𝑉 𝐹 = 𝐶𝐴 𝐹 [( 2𝑔 1−( ? ? ? ? ) 2 ) ( 𝑃 ? 𝑝𝑔 − 𝑃 ? 𝑝𝑔 )] 1 2 𝑄 = 𝑉 𝑡 ṁ = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑄 2.0 Methodology This section presents a detailed description of the setup for the experiment, along with the steps taken to complete the experiment successfully. 2.1 Setup The setup for this experiment was completed primarily when the student arrived at class. Figure 1 shows the experimental setup of the lab. Figure 1: Experimental Setup of Lab Equation 2 Equation 3 Equation 4 Equation 5

Lab #1 Flow Measurements Group C1 University of Prince Edward Island Page | 6 2.2 Procedure The following steps were followed to conduct the flow measurement experiment. Step 1: The apparatus valve was opened until the rotameter showed a reading of approximately 20mm. Step 2: The volumetric flow rate (L/s) using the Hydraulic Beach was measured by measuring the time taken to fill the Hydraulic Beach reservoir to a known volume of water as outlined in its manual. This was taken as the standard volumetric flow rate. Step 3: Readings of the various manometers, A-I were recorded during step 2. Step 4: This procedure was repeated for a number of equidistant values of rotameter readings up to the point at which the maximum pressure values can be recorded from the manometer. 3.0 Results The initial values determined from the experiment are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Initial Values from Experiment Test Number Rotameter (mm) Water (L) Time (s) Test 1 150 5 28 Test 2 100 5 32:92 Test 3 50 5 1:47 Data readings taken during the experiment can be found in Table 2 in Appendix A. Using Table 2, the Rotameter Height vs Mass Flow Rate was created. Figure 2: Rotameter Mass Flow Rate

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