a&p study guide 1.pdf

1 Anatomy and Physiology - Study Questions Please don’t skip => Completing this guide will greatly increase your chances for success in the course. These questions can be answered using the information in our videos (which are linked in their relevant sections below and with QR codes at the end of the document) and the learning resource. The videos are the same ones in the learning resource. They are collected here so you can engage with them first, making the learning resource is more accessible. Please listen to this podcast about study strategies that your classmates have used to be successful with A&P. If working on paper, use the QR code at the end of this document. Step 1: Log into your WGU student portal using your cell phone. Step 2: Use your cell phone’s camera to focus on the QR code. Step 3: Tap on the link that pops up to access the podcast. Lastly, many students found completing Task 1 (unit 14) before Task 2 (unit 9) was much easier. Please see our task handout here , QR code at the very end of this document or in the Course Tips and for more information. Unit 2: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 1. Complete the following directional term table. The first column lists the direction term. In the second column, enter a definition of the term. In the third column, give two examples of how the term is used. For instance, "the toe is distal to the knee." (See Module 1.) Directional term Definition Two Examples Superior Above Nose is Superior to the mouth Knees are superior to the ankles Inferior Below The chin is inferior to the eyes The stomach is inferior to the head Dorsal Towards the Back

2 Directional term Definition Two Examples Ventral Towards the belly (Anterior) Superficial Toward or on the surface Deep Away from the surface Distal Farther from the trunk or origin Proximal Closer to the trunk or origin Medial Toward the midline Lateral Anterior Toward the front (or toward the belly) (Ventral) Posterior Behind- Towards the back Same as Dorsal 2. List the structural level of the body from cell to organ system. Using a specific organ system of your choosing, give an example of the structural level of organization from a cell to an organ system. (See Module 3.) Unit 4: Integumentary System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for this section. If working on paper, you can use the QR code: 1. Describe the layers of the skin, what is found in each layer, and the function of each layer. (See Module 8.) 2. Describe how the integumentary system responds to changes in temperature. (See Module 8.) Instructional video: Overview of the Integumentary System If working on paper, you can use the QR code: Unit 5: Skeletal System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections: 1. Identify and describe the function of the structures of the skeletal system. Include the information about the differences between the axial and appendicular skeletons, the bones of the skull, the bones of the face, and the bones of the vertebral column. (See Module 10.)

3 2. Describe cartilage. (See Module 10.) 3. Describe the process of endochondral ossification. (See Module 10.) 4. Describe the function of bone marrow. (See Module 11.) Instructional Videos: Skeletal System, Bone Formation Skeletal System, Structure and Function Unit 6: Muscular System 1. Describe the following structures, including their functions. (See Module 13.)  Sarcolemma  Sarcomere  Sarcoplasmic reticulum  T-tubules 2. Define the following terms. (See Module 13.)  Tendon  Ligament  Aponeurosis 3. Describe the process of muscle contraction. In your description, include the role of the following substances. (See Module 13.)  Actin  Myosin  Calcium  Tropomyosin  Troponin 4. Describe a neuromuscular junction. In your description, answer the following questions. (See Module 14.) a. Which cell releases the neurotransmitter? i. Which part of the cell releases the neurotransmitter? b. What is the neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction? c. Which cell receives the neurotransmitter? i. Which part of this cell receives the neurotransmitter? 5. Complete the following muscle table. In the second column, add the name of the attached joint and movement. In the third column, identify the antagonist muscle. An example has been provided in the first two rows. (See Module 14.)

4 Muscle Name Joint and movement Antagonist Pectoralis major Example: Shoulder flexion Example: Deltoid Deltoid Example: Shoulder extension Example: Pectoralis major Biceps brachii, brachialis Triceps brachii Flexor carpi radiaolis, flexor caprpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis Flexor digitorum profundus Extensor digitorum Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Hamstring group- biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus Quadriceps group- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Flexor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum longus 6. Differentiate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Include the following information for each muscle type. (See Module 13.) a. Is the muscle under voluntary or involuntary control? b. What is the function of the muscle? c. Describe the cellular characteristics. ( e.g., striated, non-striated, multinucleated, one nucleus, etc.) d. Include an example of each muscle type.

5 Instructional Videos: Muscular System overview Neuromuscular Junction Muscular System movement Unit 7: Nervous System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections. 1. Distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous systems. (See Module 15.) 2. Name the parts of a neuron. Note: Label the images on the page. (See Module 16.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_Hand-tuned.svg 3. State the function and location of the myelin sheath. (See Module 16.) 4. List the different kinds of glial cells and describe the function of each. (See Module 16.) 5. What is a synapse? Define the following parts of a synapse. (See Module 16.)  Pre-synaptic cell  Post-synaptic cell  Synaptic cleft  Neurotransmitters

6  Axon terminals  Dendrites  Action potential 6. Study and label the pons, medulla, spinal cord, pituitary and midbrain on the following images. (See Module 17.) 7. Describe the role of cerebrospinal fluid. Identify its location and the source. (See Module 17.) 8. Describe the meninges, their importance, and where they are located. (See Module 17.) 9. Study the following image. (See Module 17.)

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