a&p study guide 1

1 Anatomy and Physiology - Study Questions Please don’t skip => Completing this guide will greatly increase your chances for success in the course. These questions can be answered using the information in our videos (which are linked in their relevant sections below and with QR codes at the end of the document) and the learning resource. The videos are the same ones in the learning resource. They are collected here so you can engage with them first, making the learning resource is more accessible. Please listen to this podcast about study strategies that your classmates have used to be successful with A&P. If working on paper, use the QR code at the end of this document. Step 1: Log into your WGU student portal using your cell phone. Step 2: Use your cell phone’s camera to focus on the QR code. Step 3: Tap on the link that pops up to access the podcast. Lastly, many students found completing Task 1 (unit 14) before Task 2 (unit 9) was much easier. Please see our task handout here , QR code at the very end of this document or in the Course Tips and for more information. Unit 2: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 1. Complete the following directional term table. The first column lists the direction term. In the second column, enter a definition of the term. In the third column, give two examples of how the term is used. For instance, "the toe is distal to the knee." (See Module 1.) Directional term Definition Two Examples Superior Above Nose is Superior to the mouth Knees are superior to the ankles Inferior Below The chin is inferior to the eyes The stomach is inferior to the head Dorsal Towards the Back

2 Directional term Definition Two Examples Ventral Towards the belly (Anterior) Superficial Toward or on the surface Deep Away from the surface Distal Farther from the trunk or origin Proximal Closer to the trunk or origin Medial Toward the midline Lateral Anterior Toward the front (or toward the belly) (Ventral) Posterior Behind- Towards the back Same as Dorsal 2. List the structural level of the body from cell to organ system. Using a specific organ system of your choosing, give an example of the structural level of organization from a cell to an organ system. (See Module 3.) Unit 4: Integumentary System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for this section. If working on paper, you can use the QR code: 1. Describe the layers of the skin, what is found in each layer, and the function of each layer. (See Module 8.) 2. Describe how the integumentary system responds to changes in temperature. (See Module 8.) Instructional video: Overview of the Integumentary System If working on paper, you can use the QR code: Unit 5: Skeletal System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections: 1. Identify and describe the function of the structures of the skeletal system. Include the information about the differences between the axial and appendicular skeletons, the bones of the skull, the bones of the face, and the bones of the vertebral column. (See Module 10.)

4 Muscle Name Joint and movement Antagonist Pectoralis major Example: Shoulder flexion Example: Deltoid Deltoid Example: Shoulder extension Example: Pectoralis major Biceps brachii, brachialis Triceps brachii Flexor carpi radiaolis, flexor caprpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis Flexor digitorum profundus Extensor digitorum Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Hamstring group- biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus Quadriceps group- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Flexor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum longus 6. Differentiate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Include the following information for each muscle type. (See Module 13.) a. Is the muscle under voluntary or involuntary control? b. What is the function of the muscle? c. Describe the cellular characteristics. ( e.g., striated, non-striated, multinucleated, one nucleus, etc.) d. Include an example of each muscle type.

5 Instructional Videos: Muscular System overview Neuromuscular Junction Muscular System movement Unit 7: Nervous System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections. 1. Distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous systems. (See Module 15.) 2. Name the parts of a neuron. Note: Label the images on the page. (See Module 16.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_Hand-tuned.svg 3. State the function and location of the myelin sheath. (See Module 16.) 4. List the different kinds of glial cells and describe the function of each. (See Module 16.) 5. What is a synapse? Define the following parts of a synapse. (See Module 16.)  Pre-synaptic cell  Post-synaptic cell  Synaptic cleft  Neurotransmitters

7 10. State the function and location of the following brain regions. (See Modules 16 and 17.)  Pons  Cerebellum  Cerebrum  Medulla oblongata  Thalamus  Hypothalamus 11. State the location and function of the four lobes of the cerebrum. (See Module 17.)  Frontal  Parietal  Occipital  Temporal 12. Label and be familiar with this image. (See Module 17.)

8 13. Identify the parts of the spinal cord and describe how they relate to afferent and efferent information flow in the nervous system. (See Module 17.) 14. Study the image below. Identify the body parts innervated by each region of the spinal cord. (See Module 17.)

10 Unit 8: Sensory System 1. Trace the path of light through the eye from the cornea to the retina. (See Module 20.) 2. Complete the "Functions of the Retina" activity in the Acrobatiq learning resource. (See Module 20.) 3. Describe the function of the following parts of the eye. (See Module 20.)  Cornea  Lens  Retina  Vitreous humor  Aqueous humor  Lens  Pupil 4. Study the following image. (See Module 20.) 5. State the function and location of photoreceptors. (See Module 20.) 6. Trace the pathway of signal propagation from stimulus to response, using the following stimuli . Visual : (See Module 20.)  How does information about light get from the eye to the brain?  What part of the brain processes visual information? Auditory: (See Module 21.)  How does information about sound get from the ear to the brain?  Describe the role of hair cells in this process.  What part of the brain processes auditory information?

11 Vestibular (balance): (See Module 21.) Briefly discuss the role of the semicircular canals in balance, making sure to define the following structures and functions.  Utricle  Saccule  Static equilibrium  Dynamic equilibrium Olfactory (smell): (See Module 22.)  How does information about smell get from the ear to the brain?  What part of the brain processes olfactory information? Note: please make sure to label the image of the anatomy of the structures involved in smell on the page. Unit 10: Endocrine System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections. 1. For each of the major endocrine glands, state the hormone(s) produced and its function. (See Module 25.)  Hypothalamus  Anterior pituitary  Posterior pituitary  Thyroid  Parathyroid  Thymus  Adrenal cortex  Adrenal medulla  Pancreas  Ovaries  Testes  Pineal This might be a more helpful way to address the information Gland Hormones it secretes & Hormone’s function (job) when would the hormone be stimulated when would the hormone be inhibited Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Thyroid

13 Unit 11: Lymphatic System 1. Describe the function of the lymphatic system. (See Module 26.) 2. Identify and describe the function of the following lymphatic structures, including their location. (See Module 27.)  Thymus gland  Spleen  Tonsils  Lymph nodes  Lymph vessels  Red bone marrow 3. Describe the flow of lymph, and define the following structures. (See Module 27.) a. Lymphatic capillaries b. Lymphatic vessels c. Lymph node d. Lymphatic duct e. Valve f. Subclavian vein 4. Explain how histamine affects the body. (See Module 28.) Unit 12: Cardiovascular System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections. 1. Name the structures of the heart (including the four valves). What are their functions? (See Module 30.) 2. What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node? (See Modules 29 and 31.) 3. Name the layers of the heart. What is the function of the layers? (See Module 30.) 4. Trace the pathway of blood starting and ending with the left ventricle. (See Module 30.) Include the following in your pathway: a. Indicate whether the blood is deoxygenated or oxygenated in the structure. (i.e., blood in the right ventricle is deoxygenated) b. Chambers of the heart c. Valves of the heart d. Blood vessels of the pulmonary circuit (i.e., where does oxygenation occur?) e. Specific major blood vessels attached to the heart (e.g., superior and inferior vena cava, aorta) f. General blood vessels of the systemic circuit (e.g., venules, capillaries, etc.)

14 Unit 13: Respiratory System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections. 1. Sketch and identify the structures of the respiratory system and describe their functions. Include structures involved in air breathed in from the nose and mouth. (See Modules 32 and 33.) 2. Trace the pathway of air inhaled through the nose. (See Modules 32 and 33.) 3. Trace the pathway of air inhaled through the mouth. (See Modules 32 and 33.) 4. Describe the layers of the trachea. (See Module 32.) 5. Identify the parts of the lungs and describe their functions. (See Module 32.) 6. Describe the process of ventilation. (See Module 33.) 7. Describe the process of internal respiration. (See Module 33.) 8. Describe the process of external respiration, including the structures relevant to gas exchanges in the lungs. (See Module 33.) Instructional Video: Respiratory processes Unit 14: Digestive System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections: 1. Describe the process of chemical digestion and give an example of chemical digestion. (See Module 37.) 2. Complete the table of the major digestive organs. In the second column, describe the function. In the third column identify digestive substances add to the organ during digestion (e.g. hydrochloric acid, salivary amylase, bacteria, etc.). In the fourth column, describe the consistency of food in the structure or organ (e.g. liquid, solid, chyme, bolus, etc.). (See Modules 35, 36 and 37.) Structure Function Digestive substance added, if any Consistency of food Oral cavity (mouth) Pharynx

16 d. Rectal valve e. Internal anal sphincter f. External anal sphincter 5. What is the function of the bacteria in the large intestine? (See Module 36.) 6. Trace the pathway of food from ingestion to excretion. Refer to the table of the major digestive organs. (See Modules 36 and 37.) 7. Complete the table of the accessory digestive organs. In the second column, describe their function. In the third column, list the substances produced by that organ, if it produces a substance. (See Modules 36 and 37.) Organ Function Substances produced, if any Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas 8. Complete the digestion and absorption table. The first column lists the substance. In the second column, describe where and how the substance is digested. In the third column, identify where the substance is absorbed. If the location is the small intestine or large intestine, specify the part of the intestine where it occurs. (See Module 37.) Substance Digestion of: (where and how) Absorbed in: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Water Electrolytes (minerals)

17 Instructional Videos: Digestive System Part 1 Digestive System Part 2 Unit 16: Renal System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections. 1. Sketch, identify and describe the function of the following structures of the renal system: kidneys, ureter, urethra, and bladder. Note the position of these structures relative to the other organs of the abdomen. (See Modules 38 and 39.) 2. Discuss the structure and function of the following parts of the kidney: renal medulla, renal cortex, minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, renal sinus, nephron. (See Module 39.) 3. Trace the pathway of urine formation and excretion from the body. (See Modules 39 and 40.) 4. Describe the process of urine formation in the nephron. (See Modules 39 and 40.) Instructional Video: Nephron Function Unit 17: Reproductive System Before beginning the study questions, please watch this brief video , which explains how to best approach them for these sections. 1. State the function and location of the following male reproductive organs. (See Module 42.) ( Tip: try to note their location in relation to other abdominal organs using directional terms.) a. Testes (seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, interstitial cells) b. Vas deferens c. Epididymis d. Ejaculatory duct e. Urethra 2. State the function of the following reproductive hormones in the male. (See Module 42.) a. Testosterone

19 Below are QR codes for each course video and podcast. The task handout is at the end. The QR codes are organized in three vertical columns per page. Strategies to Study Podcast QR code: Strategies for Multiple Choice Questions Unit 4 Before beginning the Integumentary System study guide questions, please watch this brief video, which explains how to best approach the items for this section: Overview of the Integumentary System Unit 5 Before beginning the Skeletal System study guide questions, please watch this brief video, which explains how to best approach the items for this section: Skeletal System: Bone formation Skeletal System: Structure and Function Unit 6 The video explaining the best approach for the study guide items for the Skeletal system Included the Muscular system. This is the same video, please watch it if you would like a refresher: Muscular System: Muscular system overview Muscular System: Neuromuscular Junction Muscular System: Movement

20 Neuromuscular Junction Podcast Unit 7 Before beginning the Nervous System study guide questions, please watch this brief video, which explains how to best approach the items for this section: Nervous System: Anatomy Nervous System: Glial cells Nervous System: Cranial nerve Nervous System: Synaptic transmission Neurotransmission Podcast Unit 8 The video explaining the best approach for the study guide items for the Nervous system Included the Sensory system. This is the same video, please watch it if you would like a refresher: Sensory Processing Podcast Unit 9 is Task 2 Unit 10 Before beginning the Endocrine System study guide questions, please watch this brief video, which explains how to best approach the items for this section: Endocrine System: Endocrine System