_CHAPTER 8 OBJECTIVES

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Anatomy

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Dec 6, 2023

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Chapter 8: Joints After attending this series of lectures and studying the text and lecture presentations and notes the student should be able to: 1. Describe, compare, and contrast the classes of joints by freedom of movement and by how adjacent bones are joined. Diarthroses- freely moveable Amphiarthroses-slightly movable Synarthroses- immovable Fibrous joints- collagen fibers cross gap between bone matrices and join them Cartilaginous joints- bones held together by cartilage Synovial joints- bones separated by lubricating synovial fluid 2. Describe the structure and function of a typical synovial joint (know Figure 8.3). Include in your description the following parts and terms: joint cavity, synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, fibrocartilage, meniscus, and bursae. -bones separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid Joint cavity- contains synovial fluid Synovial fluid- thick liquid located between joints Hyaline cartilage- assists the motion of joints Joint capsule- encloses the cavity Fibrocartilage- provides the tough material of the intervertebral disks Meniscus- absorbs shock and pressure Bursae- helps tendons glide easily over joints
3. Describe a typical knee injury including the parts of the joint which would be more likely to be injured in a lateral-to-medial blow to the knee. - A torn meniscus, tibial collateral ligament, and anterior cruciate ligament 4. Briefly describe a hip joint. -lliofermoral ligament attaches greater trochanter to the anterior inferior iliac spine -pubofemoral ligament connects the greater trochanter to the ilium/pubis of the coxal bone -ligamentum teres connects the head of the femur to the coxal bone -articular cartilage, the synovial cavity, and articular capsule connect the femur to the coxal bone 5. Describe, compare, and contrast first-class, second-class, and third-class levers. 1 st class- -load-fulcrum-effort -like scissors, lifting head, effort is down 2 nd class- -fulcrum-load-effort -wheelbarrow, standing on your tiptoe, effort up 3 rd class- -load-effort-fulcrum -like tweezers, flexing forearm (bicep curls), effort up 6. Describe and demonstrate the following movements made possible by the different joints: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, excursion, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, and opposition
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