Anatomy Chater 4 Assignment.docx

Human Anatomy, Chapter 4 The Integumentary System Essay Questions 1) How does melanin protect the skin from the effects of ultraviolet light? Answer: Melanin pigments prevent skin damage by absorbing UV radiation in sunlight. 2) What is the clinical importance of tension lines / cleavage lines of the skin? Answer: A cut parallel to a tension line will be pulled open as a cut elastic fibers recoil. Surgeons choose their incision patterns accordingly, since an incision parallel to the tension lines will heal fastest and with minimal scarring 3) What is "baby fat" and what is its importance? Answer: Infants and small children usually have extensive “baby fat,” which helps reduce heat loss. Subcutaneous fat also serves as a substantial energy reserve and a shock absorber for the rough and tumble activities in our early years. 4) What are the main differences between sebum and merocrine sweat? Answer: Sebum is a waxy, oily lipid secretion discharged by the sebaceous glands. It provides lubrication on the surface of the skin and inhibits the growth of bacteria. Merocrine sweat is a watery fluid, which consists of 99% water, some electrolytes (chiefly sodium chloride), metabolites, and waste products, secreted by merocrine sweat glands. Merocrine sweat glands function in thermoregulation, excretion, and protection of the skin from environmental hazards. 5) Predict why acne worsens at puberty? Answer: Sebaceous glands and sebaceous follicles are very sensitive to changes in concentrations of sex hormones. When the concentration of these hormones increases at puberty, the sebaceous glands are stimulated to secrete greater amounts of sebum, which can block sebaceous ducts as the secretions accumulate, causing inflammation and providing a fertile environment for bacterial infection. 6) Why does hair turn gray or white in older individuals? Answer: As people age, hair follicles stop functioning or they produce finer, thinner hairs. Consequentially, decreased melanocyte activity results in hairs that become gray or white, due to loss of melanin or the presence of air bubbles in the medulla of the hair shafts, respectively.

4.5 Labeling Questions Figure 4.1 Using the figure above, identify the specified labeled part in each of the following questions. 1) What is the structure indicated by Label A? A) Epidermis B) Dermis C) Hypodermis D) Superficial fascia E) Subcutaneous layer 2) What is the structure indicated by Label B? A) Hypodermis B) Epidermis C) Subcutaneous layer D) Superficial fascia E) Dermis 3) What is the structure indicated by Label C? A) Stratum spinosum B) Stratum granulosum C) Papillary layer of dermis

D) Stratum corneum E) Reticular layer of dermis 4) What is the structure indicated by Label D? A) Stratum basale B) Reticular layer of dermis C) Stratum spinosum D) Papillary layer of dermis E) Stratum granulosum 5) What is the structure indicated by Label E? A) Reticular layer of dermis B) Stratum corneum C) Stratum basale D) Subcutaneous layer E) Papillary layer of dermis 6) What is the structure indicated by Label F? A) Hair follicle B) Arrector pili muscle C) Cutaneous plexus D) Sebaceous gland E) Hair shaft 7) What is the structure indicated by Label G? A) Pore of sweat gland duct B) Sebaceous gland C) Cutaneous plexus D) Papillary layer of dermis E) Reticular layer of dermis 8) What is the structure indicated by Label H? A) Subpapillary plexus B) Cutaneous plexus C) Tactile corpuscle D) Sebaceous gland E) Pacinian corpuscle 9) What is the structure indicated by Label I? A) Sebaceous gland B) Lamellated corpuscle C) Subpapillary plexus D) Tactile corpuscle E) Cutaneous plexus 10) What is the structure indicated by Label J? A) Sebaceous gland

B) Pacinian corpuscle C) Cutaneous plexus D) Arrector pili muscle E) Subpapillary plexus 11) What is the structure indicated by Label K? A) Sweat gland duct B) Tactile corpuscle C) Lamellated corpuscle D) Hair follicle E) Cutaneous plexus 12) What is the structure indicated by Label L? A) Hair shaft B) Nerve fibers C) Tactile corpuscle D) Hair follicle E) Pacinian corpuscle 13) What is the structure indicated by Label M? A) Sebaceous gland B) Lamellated corpuscle C) Cutaneous plexus D) Subcapillary plexus E) Tactile corpuscle 14) What is the structure indicated by Label N? A) Nerve fibers B) Hair follicle C) Subpapillary plexus D) Pacinian corpuscle E) Cutaneous plexus 15) What is the structure indicated by Label O? A) Sweat gland B) Subcutaneous plexus C) Lamellated corpuscle D) Sebaceous gland E) Tactile corpuscle 16) What is the structure indicated by Label P? A) Vein B) Nerve fiber C) Hair follicle D) Arrector pili muscle E) Artery

17) What is the structure indicated by Label Q? A) Hair shaft B) Nerve fiber C) Artery D) Vein E) Hair follicle 18) What is the structure indicated by Label R? A) Subpapillary plexus B) Pacinian corpuscle C) Cutaneous plexus D) Tactile corpuscle E) Sebaceous gland 19) What is the structure indicated by Label S? A) Fat B) Sebaceous gland C) Subcutaneous plexus D) Cutaneous plexus E) Nerve fibers

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