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LE 6 – Appendicular Anatomy Introduction The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and supporting joints that make movement possible. These bones play an important role in understanding human evolution, as bipedalism – walking upright on two legs – is a defining characteristic of our species. In this lab, you will learn to recognize the unique characteristics of human appendicular anatomy. Instructions Our lab is divided into four stations, each with a photo of bone specimens and corresponding questions for you to answer. Station 1 – Upper Limb Use the upper limb diagram at this station to answer questions 1 - 6. Be sure to use the appropriate anatomical and directional terms in your responses. 1. Describe the location of the humerus, relative to the radius. Upper arm 2. Describe the location of the clavicle, relative to the scapula. Extends berween manubrium of the stermun and the acromion of the scapula. 3. What bones articulate to make the shoulder joint? What movements happen at this joint? Scapula and the humerus 4. What bones articulate to make the elbow joint? What movements happen at this joint? Humerus , radius, and ulna 5. Where is the olecranon process? Identify the bone and specific location where this landmark is found. The ulna at the elbow joint 6. Where is the glenoid fossa? Identify the bone and specific location where this landmark is found. The scapula

Station 2 – Lower Limb Use the lower limb diagram at this station to answer questions 7 - 12. Be sure to use the appropriate anatomical and directional terms in your responses. 7. Describe the location of the tibia, relative to the femur. Connects theknee to the ankle 8. Describe the location of the femur, relative to the os coxa. acetabulum 9. What bones articulate to make the hip joint? What movements happen here? Flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction 10. What bones articulate to make the knee joint? What movements happen here? Patella , femus, tibia 11. Where is the linea aspera? Identify the bone and specific location where this landmark is found. Posterior surface of the femur 12. Where is the pubic symphysis? Identify the bone and specific location where this landmark is found.

Station 3 –Analysis & Interpretation of Appendicular Bones 13. Which appendicular bone provides the most reliable estimation of biological sex? The pelvis 14. Which appendicular bone provides the most reliable estimation of stature (“height”)? Femur and tibia 15. Which appendicular landmarks can be used to determine whether a fossil primate was adapted for an arboreal (tree-dwelling) or terrestrial (ground-dwelling) lifestyle? Be sure to also identify the specific bones where these landmarks are found. Use the Bone Assemblages provided below to complete #16 - 17.

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