Chapter 7 The Skeleton Study Guide(2)

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Texas A&M University *

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2401

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Anatomy

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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Chapter 7 The Skeleton: Study Guide * This is only a guide to help you study and get you started! You are responsible for all material covered in class and in the assigned textbook chapters! I suggest you print out this guide and write the definitions and answers to the review questions on it. I would recommend using a three- hole punch and inserting it into the binder you are keeping your notes in. This will help you to organize your study tools and prepare for the final exam. Vocabulary: Vocabulary words should be defined/described using your notes AND book rather than a dictionary. Definition’s for general use of words are often very different than scientific use. You may also want to use the flash card link. axial skeleton, skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, cranial bones, cranial vault, facial bones, suture, sutural bones, mandible, temporalmandibular joint, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, hyoid bone, fontanels, vertebral foramen, centrum, vertebral arch, vertebral canal, axis, atlas, sacrum, coccyx, thoracic cage, sternum, xiphoid process, manubrium, true ribs, false ribs, appendicular skeleton, upper extremities, lower extremities, pectoral girdle, clavicle, scapula, pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet, pelvic axis, medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, transverse arch, flatfoot, clawfoot, hip fracture Review Questions: The answers to the review questions are in your notes. These questions are in general in the order you will find them in your note set. 1. How many bones are in the axial skeleton? 2. What are the three regions of the axial skeleton? 3. What are the two sets of bones in the skull and which bones are included in each? 4. What is the purpose of the fossa of the cranial bones? 5. What are the functions of the facial bones? 6. What is special about the temporalmandibular joint that makes it unique amongst the joints in the skull? 7. What is special about the maxillary bones that makes them unique amongst the skull bones? 8. Which bones form the orbits of the eyes? Roof of the mouth? Nasal cavity? 9. What are paranasal sinuses and what is their purpose? 10. What are the functions of the fontanels? 11. What are the functions of the vertebral column? 12. List the sections of the vertebral column and know how many bones each has. 13. Name and describe the four vertebral curvatures. 14. List and describe the ligaments of the vertebral column. 15. What is an intervertebral disc and what is its function? 16. Describe vertebral structure. 17. Compare and contrast cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae. 18. Discuss the ribs and their attachments. Describe the structure of the rib. 19. Describe the articulations of the pectoral girdle. 20. Why is the clavicle so often broken?
21. Describe the muscle attachment points of the pectoral girdle. 22. Describe the shape of the clavicle, how is this related to the muscle attachments? 23. How many bones are in the upper extremity? 24. Discuss the articulation of the humerus at the shoulder and the elbow. 25. Describe the articulations of the ulna and the radius at the elbow and the wrist. How is this related to the movement of these two bones? 26. How many bones are in the wrist, hand, fingers? 27. What is meant by true pelvis and false pelvis? 28. Compare and contrast the female skeleton with the male skeleton. 29. Compare and contrast the pectoral and pelvic girdles. 30. How many bones are in the lower extremity? 31. Describe the structure of the femur. 32. What is the purpose of the patella? 33. Describe the structure and articulations of the leg and ankle. How are they related? 34. What is the function of the foot? Describe the three arches of the foot. Answers: 1. There are 80 bones in the axial skeleton. 2. The three regions of the axial skeleton are the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. 3. The two sets of bones in the skull are the cranial bones (e.g., frontal, parietal, temporal, etc.) and the facial bones (e.g., maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, etc.). 4. The fossa of the cranial bones serves as depressions that accommodate various structures, such as the brain and its associated blood vessels and meninges. 5. The facial bones provide support and protection for facial structures, such as the eyes, nose, and mouth, as well as serving as attachment points for muscles involved in facial expression and mastication (chewing). 6. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is unique among skull joints because it is a hinge joint that allows for both rotation and gliding movements, enabling functions like chewing and speaking. 7. The maxillary bones are unique among the skull bones because they form the upper jaw and carry the upper teeth, providing crucial support for facial structures and dental function. 8. The bones that form the orbits of the eyes include the frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal, and palatine bones. The roof of the mouth is formed by the palatine and maxillary bones, while the nasal cavity is formed by the ethmoid, vomer, nasal, and palatine bones. 9. Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in certain skull bones (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla) that reduce the weight of the skull, provide resonance to the voice, and warm and humidify inhaled air. 10. Fontanels in the infant skull are soft spots formed by unossified membranous gaps between cranial bones. They allow for skull flexibility during childbirth and rapid brain growth in infancy.
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