The respiratory system is a biological system with network o

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Anatomy

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lyndsay Jolliffe HA 200 - Anatomy and Physiology Dr. S Ringgold-Harmon Final paper 03/08/24

The respiratory system is a biological system with a network of organs and tissues that allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells. The lungs, conducting airways, and central nervous system regions are involved in controlling the respiratory muscles, and the chest wall comprises the respiratory system. The rib cage and breathing muscles, including the diaphragm, intercostal, and abdominal muscles, comprise the chest wall. The respiratory system's functions are:  Gas Exchange - where oxygen from the atmosphere or ambient air is exchanged for carbon dioxide from the lungs' alveoli.  Acid-Base Balance - By controlling the levels of carbonic acid in the blood, the respiratory system aids in maintaining the proper balance of acids and bases in the body  Phonation - Production of sounds through the movement of the vocal cords. The central nervous system's control of the respiratory muscles results in the production of sounds.  Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms - H airs and mucus found in the nasal cavity trap small particles like viruses, bacteria, dust, and dirt, preventing this pathogen from reaching the lungs  Pulmonary Metabolism and the Handling of Bioactive Materials - L ung cells require energy and nutrients for their maintenance, which they must obtain through the metabolism of substrates. Additionally, some specialized lung cells create compounds essential for proper pulmonary function. However, as we age, the respiratory system experiences several physiological and immunological changes. A person's lungs are fully matured by the time they are 20 to 25 years old, and as they become older, their lung function gradually deteriorates. Examples of structural changes that impact the compliance of the entire respiratory system and increase the effort needed to breathe are deformities of the thoracic spine and chest wall. The lung parenchyma loses its supporting structure, causing dilation of air spaces. Older people experience breathlessness and their ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia decrease. Drugs used to treat the same illnesses in younger individuals are less likely to impact them. Patient 1, Female, 18 years old, non-smoker, and fragile, and Patient 2, Male, 36 years old, non-smoker, average weight Is someone in their family smoking, or are they exposed to an environment (at work or in the vicinity of their homes) where smoking or some dust or chemicals?

Does she experience shortness of breath? Does she have a chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow, or greenish? Tests to consider: An X-ray test Spirometry CT scan Blood test Diagnosis (Disease that may be present): Airflow from the lungs becomes restricted due to the chronic inflammatory lung illness known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chest pain is a common symptom of losing weight. COPD can also be a risk for people who may be non-smokers but are exposed to secondhand smoke. Heart disease, lung cancer, and several other diseases are more likely to occur in people with COPD. Treatment: Short-acting bronchodilator inhalers are the initial line of treatment for most COPD patients. By relaxing and broadening your airways, bronchodilators help you breathe more easily. Short-acting bronchodilator inhalers come in two varieties: beta-2 agonist inhalers, such as salbutamol and terbutaline, and antibiotics, such as azithromycin. Some medications combine bronchodilators and inhaled steroids. Patient 3, a 62-year-old female, a heavy smoker for 30 years, and slightly overweight Where is the location of your chest pain? Ask about the severity of chest pain. Do you have any lung disease? Tests to consider: Polysomnography Fiberoptic Nasolaryngoscopy Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) Diagnosis (Disease that may be present)

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