Chapter 12 - Questions

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Feb 20, 2024

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Multiple Choice Questions Answers can be found at the end of the book. 1. Which statement is the best way to explain why an understanding of life history trade-offs is important when examining the fitness of an organism? 1. Individuals need to live longer, so they will not produce the maximum number of offspring each season. 2. When individuals need offspring, they can choose whether to reproduce or not. 3. Individuals may not be producing the maximum number of offspring they possibly can in any particular breeding season. 4. In any particular breeding season, individuals may need to produce fewer offspring to enhance their own survival. 2. What was Austad’s prediction regarding opossums on Sapelo Island? 1. Opossums on Sapelo Island would mature later and have fewer offspring per season than opossums on the mainland. 2. Opossums on Sapelo Island would have more offspring per season than opossums on the mainland because there were no predators. 3. Natural selection would favor opossums with more stretchable muscle fibers on Sapelo Island. 1374 d. Opossums on Sapelo Island would have higher fitness than opossums on the mainland. 3. Use Figure 12.5 to predict the evolution of life history traits that a population of lake trout (a popular food fish) might experience after a new lakeside fishing resort was built. 1. Because the fishermen act like predators, the lake trout should produce more offspring that are bigger in size.

2. Because the fishermen act like predators, the lake trout will spend less time breeding and should produce fewer offspring. 3. Because the fishermen act like predators, the lake trout should produce more offspring that are smaller in size and the trout will mature at smaller sizes. 4. Nothing will happen to the lake trout. 4. Why do male gobies dig up and devour eggs in their nests? 1. The male needs the nutrition, and he can always mate again later. 2. If there is not enough oxygen in the water, the young won’t survive anyway. 3. Male gobies that devour some of their eggs in response to poor environmental conditions tend to have more surviving offspring than male gobies that do not. 4. The male eats the young for the betterment of the species. 5. Which of these statements about gene imprinting is true? 1. Gene imprinting is a male reproductive strategy that can reduce the lifetime reproductive success of females. 2. Gene imprinting is a female reproductive strategy that can reduce the lifetime reproductive success of males. 3. Gene imprinting is found only in placental mammals. 4. Both a and b.

1375 6. How does an evolutionary perspective help us understand the aging process? 1. The theory of evolution allows scientists to compare closely related species that differ in how they invest in reproduction and in body maintenance to test for effects on the aging process. 2. The theory of evolution generates predictions about how individuals with certain suites of life history characteristics might fare in the aging process when compared to other individuals without those characteristics. 3. The theory of evolution provides insight into the historical development of adaptations, such as the number of offspring an individual has, that may contribute to life history trade- offs, such as aging. 4. All of the above. 7. Do all scientists agree that menopause is adaptive? 1. Yes. Menopause has to be adaptive because life history theory predicts that women should not outlive their reproductive capacity, so menopause must have some function.

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