EXAM I Review Sheet Anthropology 1001 FALL 2023

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Louisiana State University *

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1001

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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Review Sheet/Guidelines for Exam I -Brophy Anth 1001 What is Anthropology? -The study of humankind in all times and places What makes anthropology different from other social science fields? - studies culture -reduced ethnocentrism -requires field work and participant observation -involves comparative discipline -holistic view Ethnocentrism -judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture Name and define the four major subfields. -Archaeology -Biological Anthropology -Cultural Anthropology -Linguistic Anthropology What are some examples of each? ARCHAEOLOGY: zoo archaeology, historic, prehistoric, culture resource management (CRM), ethnoarchaeology, nautical archaeology CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings; describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences. EX: ethnography, medical anthropology, urban anthropology BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: systematic study of humans as biological organisms. EX: paleoanthropology, primatology, osteology, bioarcheology, forensic anthropology LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY: the study of language; allows people to preserve and transmit details of their culture from generation to generation. EX: historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics Explain how all four of the subfields can be considered anthropology. -They all acknowledge the diversity of humankind in all contexts. No other discipline embraces the breath of the human condition in this manner. Also, the diverse discipline differs from other disciplines in its commitment to the notion that unlike other animals, humans are biocultural. Explain the concept of a theory. -A hypothesis or series of related hypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and have not been rejected What does it mean to say that anthropology is a science? What does this entail? -The scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Know the researchers we discussed in class that set the stage for Darwin’s work and know what their work entailed. -James Hutton: founder of modern geology; Uniformitarianism rejects catastrophism, the processes at work today in forming the Earth have always been at work; earth is millions of years old -Charles Lyell: Catastrophism vs. Gradualism? Both -Mary Anning: Fossil collector; Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus

Fixity of species -Things were created by a higher being, and once they were created, they never changed Who designed modern taxonomy and what is based upon? -Carl Linnaeus (Father of taxonomy) -John and Carolus Linnaeus, Taxonomy is the classification of past and living life-forms -How is modern taxonomy different from The Great Chain of Being? -The Great Chain of Being: the notion that life-forms were static, fixed at the time of the creation Darwin -Origin of the Species -Species change/ evolution -Adaptive Radiation- common ancestor; multiple different descendants -Gradualism -Natural Selection: environment can contribute, some organisms have traits that make them superior to others, “survival of the fittest”- ability to survive and reproduce What led Darwin to his conclusions? -By studying Cuvier’s studies of fossils and seeing fossils first-hand in South America, he saw that some fossils resemble living animals. This suggested to Darwin that an earlier species had transformed into the modern species, most likely through a succession of species over time. Natural selection - Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully Does “survival of the fittest” mean the strongest? Explain. -Ability to survive and reproduce What component is required for natural selection and evolution to occur? Wallace -Alfred Russell Wallace: naturalist studying animal and plant life in Amazon and Southeast Asia -“Wallace’s Sarawak Law” -In 1858 Darwin and Wallace presented at the Linnean Society meeting Huxley - “Darwin’s bulldog” -Human evolution - “Evidence on Man’s place in Nature” Cell types and when they originated. -Prokaryotic cells originated 3.5 billion years ago -Eukaryotic cells originated 1.2 billion years ago Mitochondria and ribosomes -Mitochondria produces energy to the cell (the engine) -Produce their own DNA, mtDNA, that is inherited only from the mother -Ribosomes manufacture proteins

Types of eukaryotic cells -Somatic cells: body cells (tissues, heart, muscles) -Gametes- sex cells (eggs or ova and sperm) -Zygote (fertilized egg) What does DNA consist of and what are its functions? -DNA consists of all the genetic information (comes from your parents) -Double stranded molecule, each strand composed of nucleotides -Contains all genetic information of an organism -Each strand is composed of: Sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases -KEY FUNCTIONS: Set of instructions for protein synthesis, pass code on to offspring, and introduce genetic variation Describe the steps of protein synthesis. -Transcription: the creation of mRNA by copying a DNA strand -DNA copied by RNA (single stranded) -Information is translated or “read” in codons -Transfer RNA or tRNA matches codons with amino acids -Translation: mRNA strand is translated in the ribosome -1. Transcription and 2. Translation What happens if there is an error? -Formation of the wrong amino acid makes the wrong protein (it will just go back and form a new protein) -Big problem: If code is wrong in DNA itself Gene/allele Genes- segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein or part of a protein; fundamental unit of heredity Allele- alternate form of a gene Know the general cell cycle. -Prophase: nuclear envelope disappears, exposing chromatid -Metaphase: chromosomes align in center of cell -Anaphase: separate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell -Telophase: 2 (or 4) nuclear membranes form Chromosomes and the types What are homologous chromosomes? -Pairs of chromosomes; 1 paternal and 1 maternal chromosome Know mitosis and meiosis in the amount of detail we discussed in class. -Mitosis: cell division; only for somatic cells and makes an identical copy of itself -Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase -Meiosis: gamete formation (2 divisions) -Exact same step as Mitosis just twice -4 unique cells with 23 chromosomes (Haploid)

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