Exam 2 Study Guide

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Emory University *

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101

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Anthropology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exam 2 Study Guide 1. In some non-Western cultures, when someone has a gender identity outside the male/female binary, they are a. Valued and respected, and often sought out for spiritual guidance 2. Imagine a new friend told you that, in his or her culture, people clean each other’s eyeballs with their tongues. Which of the following would be an ethnocentric reaction to this scenario? a. Ew! That is so unhygienic and disgusting. 3. Cultural anthropologists seek to: a. Interpret and explain larger patterns of culture 4. Which of the following is not true about war? a. War has been present in human history since small-scale societies 5. Niche construction refers to: a. The active role that organisms can take in shaping their environment 6. Racial classifications are: a. Created through culture 7. People begin learning their culture a. As infants, through interactions with caregivers and watching the world around them 8. Anthropology teaches us that a single, stable, scientifically observable human nature exists a. False 9. Biological sex is binary of two discrete options – male or female – since the primary characteristics (genitalia, gonads, and chromosomes) always fit these categories a. False 10. The traits that do best in a specific environment are called adaptations a. True 11. Humans are done evolving, according to the latest scientific research a. False 12. The pattern of human skin color is the product of natural selection acting to regulate the effects of the sun’s ultraviolent (UV) radiation on key nutrients crucial to reproductive success 13. Evolution is driven by progress, resulting in things working in the best possible way a. False 14. Sexuality and gender are primarily biological phenomena a. False 15. Since the US is an industrialized, Western country, birth outcomes are equal for mothers, regardless of their race a. False

16. Expectations of how men and women should behave are primarily biological and shared across all societies a. False 17. According to Fuentes, inequalities based on race are economic, political, historical, and cultural, not biological or “natural” a. True 18. Evidence of violent deaths in the archaeological record indicate the same level of violence since humans lived in foraging groups through the transitions to agriculture and living in towns and cities a. False 19. In human societies, cooperation is more common than conflict a. True 20. Intersex births in the Western biomedical system are generally handled through non- interventionist approaches, avoiding surgical and hormonal interventions a. False 21. If you take an infant from anywhere on the planet and take it to another society to raise it, it will acquire that other society’s culture a. True 22. An anthropologist studying music, for example, recognizes that this form of art may influenced by politics, social systems, ideology, technology, and more. This perspective is considered to be: a. Holistic 23. Four critical aspects of culture are a. That it is learned, it is based on symbols, it is integrated, and it is shared 24. All of the following are selective pressures for the evolution of skin color except: a. Skin cancer 25. According to Fuentes, humans are primarily: a. Primed towards cooperation 26. Gender stratification is a term that refers to a. The hierarchical division of males and females in society, with men usually having dominant positions and women having subordinate positions 27. Which of the following is “nature’s sunscreen”? a. Melanin 28. Mutations are: a. The source for all variations within groups, occurring when DNA is replicated erroneously 29. If a baby is born with male genitalia (sex), this means that the baby’s gender is a. Unknown 30. Hijras and two-spirits are examples of a. Third gender categories in different cultures 31. When discussing female gender roles, which of the following is true?

a. Different traits are valued depending on the culture; there is no universal ideal female 32. In attempting to explain human variation, anthropologists: a. Combine the study of biology and culture 33. Imagine you have been raised with certain food etiquette, such as always holding your fork in your left hand and knowing how to conduct polite dinner conversation. Your parents, who taught you this, were in turn taught by their parents. What is this an example of? a. Enculturation 34. Grooming, among primates, serves the main purpose of: a. Reaffirming their social identities 35. According to Fuentes’s book and the film that featured Jablonski’s research, what is an accurate way to think about human skin color variation? a. The evolution of skin color is an adaptation to the environment that contributed to survival and reproduction 36. The historical belief that humans could be divided into distinct racial categories a. Was used unanimously agreed, since each group was seen as having its own strengths 37. The theory of unilineal cultural evolution proposed that: a. All societies in the world started as savages, with some of them progressing to barbarism, and other progressing furthering to civilization 38. The term that Fuentes uses to describe human nature, which he comes back to throughout the book a. Naturenurtual 39. Foraging (also known as hunting and gathering), pastoralism, and horticulture are all methods by which people get food, which is otherwise described by anthropologists as a. Subsistence 40. Which is an important anthropological insight about how people in different cultures form families? a. The way people make a living significantly influence the way people form and think about their families 41. Bonobos can be considered egalitarian because a. They have no set dominance structure, so conflict might be resolved through sex instead of fighting 42. If you are hoping to discover a site with early human activity, a cave is a. An excellent choice to examine, because they protect remains from decomposition 43. If someone tells you they study osteology, they could choose a career in a. Forensic anthropology, helping identify found human remains 44. Which of the following is not a characteristic of marriage in all societies a. Familial input on potential marriage partners

45. Which of the following would be considered industrialization of a food production system? a. The use of a tractor to increase food production 46. Foragers, pastoralists, and horticulturalists have a. Changed over time to adapt to the modern world 47. Dating by Association refers to a. The idea that if two things are found in the same stratigraphic layer, they are likely the same age 48. The three most widely used methods to date fossil or archaeological site are a. Potassium argon dating, Dating by Association, and radiocarbon dating 49. What would be the most likely scenario to justify fraternal polyandry? a. A region where available land is scarce, so a family marries all their sons to one woman to ensure the land is not divided 50. Homo erectus (or homo georgicus for splitters), being relatively larger than their predecessors, are associated with a. Cultural developments like full-scale hunting, fire, and cooking 51. Which of the following is an attribute of domestic plants? a. The plant has lost its mechanism for natural dispersal and the crops tend to ripen simultaneously 52. A lifeway that revolves around animal domestication and herding is referred to as a. Pastoralism 53. Which of the following is not a consequence of controlling fire? a. Disease and negative health effects (cause by smoke inhalation) 54. The process of breeding animals with traits preferred by humans is known as a. Domestication 55. Which of the following is/are social constructs? a. Beauty ideals, race, gender, money 56. The domestication of animals as a subsistence strategy is referred to as a. Pastoralism 57. Which of the following is true of marriage a. It is a socially sanctioned union that may involve physical and emotional union 58. Al cultures share the same belief about the biology of human reproduction a. False 59. Agriculture tends to produce a food surplus that allows a greater number of people to live in a region a. True 60. The term kinship is used by anthropologists only to refer to blood (biological) family relationships a. False 61. The majority of societies in the world practice exclusively monogamous marriage a. False

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