Questions for Life Primates

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Dec 6, 2023

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ANT 251 0 02, 003, & 004 Dr. Clarke Life- The Primates Hamadryas baboon ( Papio hamadryas ): • What type of social organization do we find among P. hamadryas? On the arid steppes of Africa, the hamadryas baboon is a social animal that lives in groups led by a single dominant male and a harem, or group of two or more females and their young. This social structure, known as a multilevel society, has four levels. • P. hamadryas have a polygynous mating system (female defense or harem style). Please list three characteristics of this type of system. The polygyny threshold model explains polygyny, or the mating of one male of a species with many females. Females might improve their biological fitness by mating with a guy who already has a partner. Even with two females on the territory, the female makes this decision despite the presence of other males because the selected male's genetics, territory, food supply, or other critical attributes outperform those of his competitors. • Describe the social hierarchy of P. hamadryas .

A unique four-level social structure known as a multilevel society is seen in the Hamadryas baboon. With one male and up to ten females in tiny groups known as "harems," which the men lead and protect, most social contact takes place. One common feature of a harem is a younger male "follower" who may be someone's relative. Japanese macaque ( Macaca fuscata ): • Describe the social hierarchy of this species and how it relates to the hot springs. In Japanese macaque communities, there is a significant social hierarchy, with various advantages for higher-ranking individuals, such as early access to food. Daughters inherit their mother's social standing, while younger siblings often outrank their elder siblings in the social order.

• Macaques are a female philopatric species. What sort of inter-female relationships might you expect to see? Philopatry is an organism's proclivity to remain in or routinely return to a certain location. There are several reasons of philopatry, but natal philopatry, in which animals return to their birthplace to procreate, may be the most prevalent. Animals that return to the same region to reproduce despite not having been born there, as well as migratory species that display site fidelity by repeating stopovers, staging areas, and wintering grounds, are examples of recent utilization. • M. fuscata live in multi-male/multi-female groups and they have a promiscuous mating system. Do you expect to see male investment in offspring? Why or why not? If it is the usual for men in a community to sire kids with more than one female, and each man is more or less equally successful in fathering children, the mating system is really promiscuous. Western gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ):

• Describe the social hierarchy for G. gorilla . Gorilla groups are hierarchical, with the dominant male serving as the leader. The dominant male is in charge of defending the group and mating with the females. Within a colony, gorillas engage in social behaviors such as grooming, playing, and communicating through vocalizations and body language1. Gorillas utilize vocalizations to express emotions such as happiness, sadness, pain, or fear. • G. gorilla have a polygynous mating system. What are the costs and benefits for male gorillas in this type of system? • Costs: Because the sex ratio at birth is 50:50, a large number of men are left without a group of females. Males will sometimes establish bachelor groups, which are informal groupings of immature males who move and eat together until each male is able to take over a group of females. • Benefits: In some areas, researchers have documented groups with two silverbacks. In these cases, an adult son of the dominant male remains in the group to help protect it against take-overs by unrelated males.

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