ANTH Exam 3

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Southern Methodist University *

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Anthropology

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Apr 3, 2024

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What were the earliest crops to be domesticated in the Americas? Where and approximately when were they domesticated, what were they used for, and why would they have appealed to the people of that time and region? SQUASH -mesoamerica -ca. 8000 BCE The Late Classic Maya lived in independent city-states but were bound together by shared culture. Describe five cultural aspects of this shared “Maya-ness.” - ball game - calendar systems - stepped pyramids - blood ritual - writing Compare and contrast the Middle Woodland period and the Mississippian period societies of the central United States. How did they differ in relation to social organization, subsistence strategies, and technology? The Middle Woodland -widespread construction of small conical burial mounds, - long-distance exchange of distinctive artifact types and materials - People lived in small communities of several circular or oval structures - A tribal form of social organization may have been present - stone tools and points were used Mississippian period - spent much of their lives outdoors - mainly farmers, often lived close to rivers - houses were used mainly for shelter from inclement weather - These were rectangular or circular pole structures; small houses - grew much of their food in small gardens - used simple tools like stone axes, digging sticks, and fire - people were organized as chiefdoms or ranked societies

Some researchers have used the term “mother culture” to describe the Olmec. What do they mean by this term? Summarize the evidence for and against the Olmec being the “mother culture” of Mesoamerican civilization. The Olmec are considered the "mother culture" because of their influence on later civilizations. This includes: the use of Mesoamerican pyramids, later adopted by other civilizations; religious and artistic influences that became a part of other cultures; and political institutions that became the foundation for those used by the Maya and Aztec. What was the Chaco Phenomenon? What do we know about Chaco society and subsistence strategies? What questions remain unanswered? A time of cultural, political, societal, and social development that was so rapid it was deemed a "phenomenon." Monumental architecture, complex infrastructure, continuous trade. Why did the Anasazi create a hugely advanced centralized city to congregate in? Seemingly they lasted thousands of years prior to fine. It has been said that the cultural development of the Peruvian coast and the Andean region followed a different trajectory from the other “cradles of civilization” in the world. This is especially evident during the preceramic period from around 3000 to 1800 BCE. What types of constructions and cultural activities are found in the Andean preceramic that are not seen in preceramic cultures elsewhere? Why might the Andes have been able to support such preceramic cultures? -urban centers with large temple mounds and attendant elite quarters arose long before people made pottery, wove cloth, or relied principally on domesticated plants and animals for subsistence. -erected the largest prepottery monuments in the world

What role did claims of descent play in the formation of social differentiation and the rise of complex societies in South America? What sorts of claims of descent were made by nobility among the Chimu and the Inca? How might such claims backfire on those who made them? Claims of descent played a significant role in formation of social differentiation and complex societies -The throne was inherited, but all speakers of the Inca language were given privileged status, and this noble class then dominated all the important roles within the empire -Eventually a nationwide system of tax and administration was instigated which consolidated the power of Cuzco -The Incas imposed their religion, administration, and even art on conquered peoples, they extracted tribute, and even moved loyal populations (mitmaqs) to better integrate new territories into the empire -They could be very unpopular so internal conflict could occur. commoners lived in surrounding villages Chimu: rulers inherited the title. Summarize what is known about animal domestication in the Americas. Name at least three animals that were domesticated in the Americas, highlight what purposes these animals served, the rough timeline and location of domestication, and the major differences between animal domestication in the New and in the Old World. You do not need to cover every region, culture, or site for which the book discusses animal domestication, but a full answer should name at least one site and culture for each animal you present. 1. DOG -Adena culture -burials of dogs were found at Koster the pre -agricultural site in Illinois dating to 6500 BCE -domesticated in mesoamerica around 7000 BCE 2. TURKEY -mesoamerica around 3500 BCE -the aztec -meat was a source of protein and feathers were used for decorative purposes

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