Reading Journal 10-13

Reading Journal – Chapter 10 As you are preparing for your final exam, read Chapter 10 from your Textbook and create a Study Guide by writing a comprehensive summary of this chapter (about 600 words) ● Your Summary should include a comprehensive outline of the chapter (see 1) ● Important points and citations and your reaction/ reflection to each (see 2) ● Important terms, dates, concepts, and people (see 3) Avoid numerous or long direct quotes and simply give all the article information in your introductory paragraph. Use the following template to write this assignment. Any other format will not be accepted. Use the following template to write this assignment. Any other format will not be accepted. 1- Plot Summary: Briefly summarize the essay in a 350 words summary. Write your Summary either as a formal outline or a short essay Chapter 10 focuses on Early Christian art and architecture from around 300-600 AD. During the reign of the Roman Empire, Christians constructed churches to accommodate large gatherings for worship as Christianity rose in popularity. With the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire, Christians initially worshiped in private homes. However, with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, Constantine granted tolerance to Christianity, which led to the construction of churches—Basilicas in Rome, such as Old St. Peter's. Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome was a significant Early Christian church with a lengthy central nave surrounded by side aisles and clerestory windows, which provided natural light. The altar was at the east end, and the narthex was at the western entrance. Churches with central plans were also constructed as martyria, baptisteries, and mausoleums. Early Christian art incorporated pagan imagery, such as the Good Shepherd motif, into its works. Sarcophagi, or stone coffins, often featured combinations of Biblical scenes, like the Baptism of Christ, alongside Roman figures. Catacomb frescoes were also used to depict early Christian subject matter. This art form absorbed Roman styles and adapted them to new Christian meanings and purposes. During the reign of Emperor Justinian I, the Byzantine architectural style developed with richly decorated churches aimed at unifying the Christian faith. The churches were decorated with mosaics, frescoes, and other forms of artwork. Justinian constructed grand churches such as Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and San Vitale in Ravenna to unify Christendom under his leadership. The Church of San Vitale in Ravenna features elaborate mosaics depicting Justinian, Theodora, and Christ in the apse, conveying Justinian's role in Christianity. Justinian's most significant architectural accomplishment was the construction of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The church's enormous central dome is supported by pendentives over a square base, with light streaming in from windows in the walls and dome. Byzantine art later illuminated manuscripts like the Vienna Genesis. During the Byzantine era, there were some significant developments. The Vienna Genesis was an illuminated manuscript that included small narrative scenes at the bottom of pages of text. However, there was a controversy over the use of images in worship. Some people, known as Iconoclasts, believed that it was not right to depict holy figures in images because it led to idolatry. On the other hand, Iconophiles argued that it was permissible to use images. Eventually, the Iconophiles prevailed, creating panel paintings of saints known as icons in the Eastern Church. 2- Outline ideas, characters, or topics in the reading first (A)and reflect on each later(B)

A- Important points with citation B- Your Reaction/Reflection a. "In the performance of the Mass, also called Holy Communion, the Lord’s Supper, or the Eucharist (Greek for ‘thanksgiving’), bread and wine are believed to become literally the body and blood of Christ." (p. 154) b. The intention of this mosaic was clearly to depict Justinian as Christ’s representative on earth and to show him as a worthy successor to Constantine. (p.162) c. Hagia Sophia’s dome was constructed of a single layer of brick—a relatively thin shell that minimized the weight borne by the pendentives." (p. 164) d. "It was at Pergamon that parchment was first used as a substitute for papyrus." (p. 167) a. It is fascinating to observe how religious rituals play a central role in fostering faith and gratitude. I appreciate how this quote explains its spiritual significance. b. The quote highlights the blend of religious and political symbolism regarding Justinian's mosaic, emphasizing the role of art in religion. Reflecting upon this The artwork and messaging are engaging, highlighting the intricate relationship between art and religion. Makes me realize how much art played a role in religion throughout history. c. I was surprised to learn that the dome of Hagia Sophia was constructed using only a single layer of brick to minimize its weight. It's remarkable to think about the complex techniques used during that period. Studying these techniques has given me a further appreciation for the artistry involved in historic artworks. d. I found this quote very intriguing because innovations like parchment were groundbreaking back in the day. Comparing it to the rise of technology taking over today, it made me realize how even small advances like parchment enabled further developments in our time 3. Important terms, dates, concepts, and people: Terms - ● Basilica - meeting halls and places of worship adapted by early Christians from Roman secular basilicas. ● Apse - A semicircular recess at the end of a Roman basilica ● Narthex - The entrance of an early Christian church.(vestibule) ● Ichthus - A Christian fish symbol formed from the Greek initials ● Typology -The practice called prefiguration where Christians connect Old Testament stories to events in the New Testament. Dates - ● c. 33 AD - Death of Jesus Christ

● 313 AD - The Year where Constantine issued the Edict of Milan which granted tolerance to Christianity. ● 333-390 AD - Construction time of Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. ● 540-547 AD - Construction time of the church San Vitale in Ravenna in Italy. ● 537 AD - When the Hagia Sophia church in Constantinople was constructed Concepts - ● Christianity emerged within the Roman Empire ● Early Christians developed the basilica style of architecture to provide a suitable space for worshippers. ● Under Justinian, the Byzantine style emerged with hieratic, abstract imagery and architecture. ● During the reign of Justinian, new art styles and architecture emerged in the Byzantine Empire, such as abstract imagery and architecture. ● A Controversy over the use of religious imagery between iconoclasts and iconophiles. People - ● Jesus Christ - Central figure of Christianity. ● Constantine - Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Milan tolerating Christianity. ● Saint Peter - The first bishop of Rome and pope. ● Justinian - Byzantine emperor To avoid getting 0 point for this assignment, make sure to follow the above template and use your textbook as the only source.