AFAS Final Exam

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Sebastian Hickey AFAS LAS RELI Sunday, December 10th 2023 Final Exam Question 1: Briefly describe the major contributions of the three figures—Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa, and Grandmaster Flash—considered the pioneering founders of the genre of hip- hop. a) Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa, and Grandmaster Flash are recognized as the pioneering founders of hip-hop. Kool Herc is famous for developing the break-beat DJing style, which laid the foundation for hip-hop music. Afrika Bambaataa is known for spreading the hip-hop culture and for his role in organizing community events that popularized breakdancing and graffiti art. Grandmaster Flash is celebrated for his innovations in DJing techniques, including cutting, scratching, and mixing, which became essential elements of hip-hop music. Question 2: Explain the social context for the rise of hip-hop. a. where did hip-hop develop; b. what were the social and economic circumstances at the time (be sure to explain the meaning and impact of post-industrialism)? a) Hip-hop developed in the Bronx, New York, during the 1970s. This period was marked by post-industrialism, characterized by economic decline, high unemployment, and deteriorating living conditions in urban areas. These challenging social and economic

circumstances created an environment where young people expressed their frustrations and aspirations through the creative outlet of hip-hop. Question 3: What is the “break” in hip-hop? What is “sampling”? Give an example—of one rap song—of the practice of sampling. a) The “break” in hip-hop refers to the part of a song, usually a funk or soul track, where the rhythm breaks down and becomes a repetitive beat. DJs would extend these breaks by looping them. “Sampling” involves taking a portion of a sound recording and reusing it in a different song. An example of sampling in rap is the use of James Brown’s song “Funky Drummer” in many hip-hop tracks. Question 4: What are the key differences in the African slave trade between Latin America/Caribbean, on the one hand, and North America, on the other? How did these differences influence the style of music in each region (discussed in lecture)? a) The African slave trade in Latin America/Caribbean and North America had key differences, such as the scale of the slave trade and the treatment of slaves. In Latin America and the Caribbean, African culture, including music and religious practices, was more retained and mixed with local traditions. This fusion influenced the style of music in these regions, making it rhythmically complex and diverse. In North America, there was more suppression of African culture, leading to a different musical evolution focused more on harmony and melody.

Question 5: What are the origins of reggaeton? Explain in this answer where it originated, the key pioneering figures, and some of its most significant musical features and themes. a) According to "Street Scriptures," reggaeton originated in Puerto Rico and was heavily influenced by various musical styles, including hip-hop, reggae, and Latin rhythms. Key figures in the development of reggaeton include Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and Ivy Queen. They brought a unique blend of rhythmic beats and socially conscious lyrics that resonated with the urban youth. The music often reflects themes such as social inequality, love, and street life, making it a voice for marginalized communities. Question 6: How does the phenomenon of apocalypticism figure in Childish Gambino’s “This is America?” a) In "Street Scriptures," the phenomenon of apocalypticism in Childish Gambino’s “This is America” is discussed as a critical reflection of contemporary societal issues. The song and its accompanying music video use apocalyptic imagery to depict America's struggles with racism, gun violence, and consumerism. Gambino uses this theme to convey a sense of urgency and to critique the state of American society, urging a wake-up call to the realities of these pressing issues. Question 7: What role does the metaphor of the butterfly play in Kendrick Lamar’s music? a) In "Street Scriptures," the metaphor of the butterfly in Kendrick Lamar's music is explored in depth. This metaphor represents Lamar's personal and artistic transformation, mirroring the life cycle of a butterfly. His journey from a caterpillar, symbolizing his early life and struggles in Compton, to a butterfly, representing his growth, success, and

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