Book assesment chapter 9

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Dec 6, 2023

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Answering Questions: 5.) How do we account for the sudden increase of heresies in the twelfth century? What forces motivated the heretics? The charge of heresy was commonly used against Wiccans, as well as against individuals of other faiths such as converted Moors or Jews. It was also a reasonable accusation against priests who were discovered to be perverts or crooks. This charge implied that the accused priest intended to steal property from the opposing side, resulting in their accusation, conviction, execution, and the division of assets between the church and the government. The sudden increase in heresy charges was driven by the greed and political and religious corruption of government officials within the Catholic Church, who used it as a means to become wealthy or eliminate their rivals or individuals who read the Bible honestly. The punishments for "heresy" or resistance to sacrifice simply led to the expulsion of ancient Jews, readers of the Bible, and Moors, with lower charges for heresy and less severe punishments. Muslims faced an extremely easy tax as individuals of the book, while judges and Christians, who mostly resided in their own regions, were subjected to death or forced conversion when politics and religion were mixed by Catholics. 6.) Why was the twelfth century one of promise for students who wished to pursue education outside the monastic or cathedral school? During the early middle Ages, education was primarily focused on training religious organizations in convents or cathedral schools. Wealthy individuals were the only ones who could afford education, but the Church recognized the importance of educating the youth from affluent families. The church emphasized the importance of education, and this concern was shared by both ecclesiastical and secular schools run by Dominicans and some monastic orders. In the eleventh century, universities were established in church schools, mainly in cathedral schools. The term 'university' was used to refer to any group or organization, but it was particularly associated with some organizations. Universities were institutions

that aimed to preserve and regulate teaching skills, and the name 'university' eventually became a part of the development of the university. Early universities did not have ivy halls, quadrangles, or sleeping quarters. It was only in the 15th century that universities began to have boarding houses. Teachers and students engaged in conflicts, and students were encouraged to ask questions and provide responses. During a time of increased nationalism, university-educated individuals played a significant role in providing leadership and creating the backbone of growing domestic governance. 7.) How would you define scholasticism? Scholasticism was a dominant intellectual movement in medieval Europe that emerged in the 12th century and lasted until the 17th century. It was a system of theology and philosophy that aimed to reconcile Christian faith with reason and classical philosophy. Scholasticism was taught in universities across Europe, including Paris, Oxford, and Bologna, and it had a profound impact on the development of Western thought. Scholasticism was characterized by a rigorous method of inquiry that emphasized logical analysis and argumentation. It was based on the belief that truth could be discovered through reason and that faith and reason were complementary rather than contradictory. Scholastic theologians and philosopher. Sought to reconcile the teachings of the Bible and the Church with the ideas of Aristotle and other classical philosophers. Scholasticism was divided into two main schools of thought: the Realists and the Nominalists. The Realists believed that universals, such as truth and beauty, existed independently of the human mind, while the Nominalists believed that universals were simply names or concepts created by the human mind. Scholasticism had a profound impact on the development of Western thought and culture. It influenced the development of natural law theory, which held that there were universal moral principles that could be discovered through reason. It also influenced the development of the scientific method, which emphasized observation and experimentation as the basis for knowledge. Despite its importance, Scholasticism fell out of favor in the 17th century with the rise of modern philosophy and the scientific revolution. However, its legacy can still be seen in the intellectual traditions of Western culture.

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