Development Chart

Kohlberg: Kohlberg developed the Theory of Moral Development. ▫ Focuses on how children develop moral reasoning and morality. ▫ Theory is in 6 stages ▫ Rules are fixed and absolute ▫ Children judge actions according to needs ▫ Children learn to “be nice” ▫ Children learn to respect authority and respect others' needs Issues and criticisms for Kohlberg’s theory include:  Big difference in knowing what the right thing to do is and Erikson:  While Erikson’s theory was widely received, there were a couple of important issues in his theory:  Erikson believed each stage determined success, positive or negative, depending on how the child developed in the previous stage.  A child’s success or failure does not mean the child is “bad”, however this is interpreted as true in his theory.  Bandura: Theory of Social Learning Theory: ▫ Children learn through observation ▫ Children learn through imitation ▫ Children learn through modeling. Issues and criticisms for Bandura’s theory include:  Harm and well-being of a child’s positive development.  Children were traumatized by Bobo doll “aggressive hitting” experiment.  Children imitate aggressive behavior because they were modeled on it Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development: ▫ A child’s cognitive development is influenced by social, cultural and language interaction. ▫ Children learn how to think through the actions of others. Issues and criticisms for Vygotsky’s theory include:  Lack of experimental testing.  Not relative to all cultures Mahler: Object Relations Theory: ▫ A child’s earliest relationship is important for positive social development. ▫ Positive reactions with mother or caregiver provide a child with a sense of self when the caregiver is not around. Issues and Criticisms of Maler’s Theory:  There were none that could be noted Jung: Perception and Judgement: ▫ Two processes important for learning ▫ How information is processed ▫ What is done when the information is known Issues and Criticisms of Jung’s Theory:  Created symbols to show his work. Not always understood.  Lacks scientific research  Impulse control is easy once an “evil side” is discovered. Skinner: Operate Conditioning: ▫ Learned responses happen because of reward ▫ Without reward, responses go away Issues and Criticisms of Skinner’s Operated Conditioning:  Wrong things for children are reinforced, rather than positive behavior.  Children can become confused by the negative reinforcement. Bowlby: Attachment Theory: ▫ Believed children come into the world pre-conditioned to attach to others ▫ Children attach to one main person. ▫ Children attach gradually, but peak around 2 years. Issues and Criticisms of Bowlby’s Attachment Theory:  Lack of scientific study and proof  Overuse of this method.  Relies on observation.