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Poli.204 (Winter 2021) - Antoine Bilodeau --- Critical Essay 1 --- DUE ON FEB 8 th BEFORE 5 PM Reading: Chapter 16. Citizenship, Communities, and Identity in Canada, by Will Kymlicka (in required textbook). Requirements Your paper must include three sections. o Provide a quick summary: In this section, you must identify what the author is trying to demonstrate/argue, what are the main arguments, and what is the main conclusion. Point of the chapter by author: ways of accommodating difference in Canadian political system Distinctive Creative relationship btw citizenship and identity Different ways of thinking about or defining citizenship in Canada that also goes back to the idea of identity - how different ways of thinking about citizenship might influence our thinking about Aboriginal self-government and about the relationships between Aboriginal people and the people and governments in Canada with which they have some connection. At the same time, the paper explores how thinking about Aboriginal self-government might contribute to a reconceptualization of citizenship. Main arguments: 3 forms of ethnocultural groups in Canada the rights of indigenous people and their relationship to the support society built on their traditional territories remains an issue in all of them including questions about their winning rights treaty rights customary law and rights to self-government the “finding peoples” = French and … British ignores the role of Indigenous peoples on whose territory this new country was built - There are at least three forms of differentiated citizenship in Canada intended to accommodate these ethnic and national differences
- self-government rights indigenous peoples and and the Quebecois view themselves as peoples or nations and as such as having their inherent right of self-determination. Both groups demand certain powers of self-government that they say we're not relinquished by there initially involuntary incorporation into the larger Canadian state. They want to govern themselves in certain key matters to enter the full and free development of their cultures and the best interests of their people. - accommodation rights - special representation rights - Kymlicka extends Young's case for differentiated citizenship, distinguishing among various ways of taking cultural differences into account and defending the need for self- government rights in cases involving minority nations like Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Taylor develops a vision of "deep diversity" that he suggests would permit different people to belong to Canada in different ways, thus providing "more than one formula for citizenship" at the same time. For Aboriginal people, this might mean that their Canadian citizenship would be mediated primarily by their membership in their Aboriginal communities, communities that themselves would be part of Canada. - One brief section of Young's paper makes the case that special rights for cultural minorities may be necessary for the achievement of a fully inclusive form of citizenship. - Will Kymlicka develops the case for special rights for cultural minorities in much more detail in a book and a subsequent series of articles. (Kymlicka 1989, 1992, 1993) Kymlicka's project is to show that the liberal commitment to
equality permits and even requires special rights for cultural minorities under some circumstances. - He shows first that, despite the neglect of culture in contemporary liberal political theory, the basic arguments of theorists like Rawls and Dworkin presuppose that individuals have access to a secure cultural structure that they recognize as an essential framework for making choices about what sort of life to lead. Then he points out that those who do not share the majority culture may find their ability to make choices from within their own cultural framework jeopardized in the absence of special measures to protect their minority culture, measures that may sometimes even conflict with the normal political or personal rights of members of the majority culture. The principal example Kymlicka uses to illustrate and support these claims is that of Indian peoples in North America. Thus he argues that Aboriginal peoples are morally entitled to special rights in order to preserve their cultures. - One difference worth noting between Kymlicka and Young is the way they use the language of equality and citizenship. As we have seen, Young criticizes the norm of equal treatment in the name of universal citizenship . - By contrast, Kymlicka treats the commitment to equal treatment of persons as primary and speaks of the conflict between the equality due people as citizens and the equality
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