earth science hw #2

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Collin County Community College District *

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1401

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Astronomy

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Homework #2 : Astronomy (50 pts) 1) There are four videos about the origins of the universe and solar system. For each video explain the concept that is being discussed and what are two facts that support each concept. (20 pts) The first video discusses meteorites and the chemical evidence we can learn from them how 4.5 billion years ago; an explosion went through the gaseous clouds in the cosmos to form the solar system. The second video discusses the Big Bang Theory states that the universe was a singular dense and hot point and 13.7 billion years ago the Big Bang created matter, energy, space, and time. The radiation era had stages called epochs depicting the expansion of the universe and the creation of the first chemical element. Then in the matter era explains the ability to form elements allowed for the formation of matter which then created the galaxies and stars. The third video goes over the Nebular Hypothesis and how the solar system was once a cold spinning cloud of gas called a solar nebula. Eventually the gravitational pull made the gases condense towards the center and matter was collecting. More mass and gravity kept pressing on the gases which then formed a hot ball of gas known as the protostar or our sun. And matter formed with gas, dust, and rocks to create protoplanets which kept growing when they collected more material in their gravitational field. The fourth video goes over Kepler’s law. Kepler first started as an intern to Brahe, the most credited astronomer at the time, and was given the task to study Mars’ orbit. Kepler noticed that the orbits of planets are ellipses and not circles and since Mars was the most elliptical, he concluded that the Sun is the center of the solar system. 2) What are Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion? 1. Each planet’s orbit about the sun is an ellipse and the sun is always located at one focus of an ellipse. 2. The imaginary line joining a planet and the sun sweeps equal areas of space during equal time intervals as the planet orbits. 3. The squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits. 3) If a star has a mass 5 times the size of our sun what is the most likely end of this star? If a star has a mass 50 times the size of our sun what is the most likely end of this star? The star 5 times the mass of our son will become a white dwarf and the 50 times mass will become a black hole or neutron star. 4) What is a comet, diagram a typical comet, and where do they come from? Comets come from the Kuiper belt.

5) Diagram the position of the sun, moon, and earth during a solar eclipse: 6) Diagram and explain the phases of the moon in relation to the sun: Do you think that each of the moons of Jupiter would have phases like our moon why or why not? What a sight to behold!! The new moon is when the illuminated face faces away from earth. Waxing crescent is when the illuminated half of the moon is mostly faced away. The first quarter is when the illuminated side is shown halfway due to the moon making a quarter of its monthly rotation. Waxing gibbous is when most of the illumination can be seen. The full moon is when the whole illuminated side can be seen when its places opposite to the sun. Waning gibbous is when the moon starts going towards the sun again and most of it can still be seen. Last quarter is when is the opposite of first quarter where you see the other half of the half of the illuminated side. Waning crescent is when the moon has nearly reached where its illuminated side faces the sun. Yes, I think Jupiter’s moon can have phases because its based on the side that faces the Sun, so if Earth’s moons have phases, I don’t see why Jupiter’s can’t. 7) Diagram and explain the seasons on Earth – are other planets axis of rotation tilted – which ones are greater than Earth’s? and what would that do the seasons on those planets especially Uranus?

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