Geo1 Hw

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School

University of California, Merced *

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Course

001

Subject

Astronomy

Date

Dec 6, 2023

Type

pdf

Pages

4

Uploaded by ProfAardvark3790

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Module 1: Geosphere Lab 1: An Introduction to Earth System Science, Online learning, and Hubble's Law Learning Outcomes: • Be able to give a definition of "Earth Systems Science" • Become familiar with Canvas and the online site for this course • Practice graphing data and fitting the equation of a line to derive the Hubble constant • Note: All work should be typed and uploaded onto the class website under this week's assignment by the deadline. Everything that you turn in from this point on must be answered in complete sentences and be put into your own words. Part I. What is Earth Systems Science? So you've enrolled in this course, but do you know what you are going to study? Many people don't have a clear idea of what "Earth Systems" means, and what exactly it encompasses – isn't it just environmental science?Think for a few minutes on your own, and then write down a one-sentence definition of "Earth Systems". Now think about what the most important problems or questions related to Earth Systems. What do you think is the most important Earth Systems problem? Write it down one sentence. Turn In: Definition (1 point) and most important Earth System problem (1 point). Earth systems is the understanding of the geology, chemistry, (Astro)physics, biology, and human interactions that determine the past and present states of the earth. I think the most important earth system problem is the atmosphere because of how tainted and toxic it has become. Part II. How am I supposed to learn it online? On your laptop, log in Catcourses. You should see ESS 1 under Courses. If you have not done so already, go to the "Course Essentials" page and read through the information. Become familiar with where to find course material, assignments, quizzes, and grades, and how to send messages. III. Working with data: Hubble's Law Background Scientific understanding is built on observations and information – often generalized as "data". Data comes in many different forms, and making graphs is a powerful and essential way to understand and interpret data. There are a number of ways to graph data, and an important skill to learn in this course is how to make and interpret different kinds of graphs. In this short exercise, you will make a simple x-y plot, examine the relationship between the variables, and fit
a line to the data. You will then interpret your graph in terms of what is now known as Hubble's Law, and discuss how it relates to the Big Bang theory for the origin of the Universe. This topic is the first lesson in the online course materials. In the 1920's, astronomer Edwin P. Hubble measured the velocities of galaxies (i.e., how fast they are moving) and the distance to the galaxy from Earth using telescope images. When he made a graph of his data, he noticed that there was a linear trend associated with these two measurements. A. Using Excel, make an x-y graph of the data below with x = Distance and y = Velocity. (Your instructor will show you if you don't know how to do this.) Distance is given in megaparsecs (mpc): 1 megaparsec = 3.26 million light years (3.26 x106 light years) Velocity is given in kilometers per second (km/s) Speed of light = 300,000 km/s Galaxy Distance (mph) Velocity (km/s) NGC-5357 0.45 200 NGC-3627 0.9 650 NGC-5236 0.9 500 NGC-4151 1.7 960 NGC-4472 2.0 850 NGC-4486 2.0 800 NGC-4649 2.0 1090 B. In Excel, use the "trendline" function to fit a straight line through the data, and determine the slope and y-intercept of the line. Plot the line and the equation on your graph.
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