Lab 06-Endocrine-System complete
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Lab 6 : Endocrine System
Learning outcomes of the lab exercises
:
1.
Identify and locate the major endocrine glands.
2.
Associate the hormones produced and secreted by the major endocrine glands with their target organ and their function.
"
You may never have thought of it this way, but when you send a text message to two friends to meet
you at the dining hall at six, you’re sending digital signals that (you hope) will affect their behavior—
even though they are some distance away. Similarly, certain cells send chemical signals to other cells
in the body that influence their behavior. This long-distance intercellular communication, coordination,
and control is critical for homeostasis, and it is the fundamental function of the endocrine system."
OpenStax A&P pg. 732
GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
(which hangs from the base of the brain and sits in
sella turcica may then secrete 6 different hormones:
1.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
a.
controls growth of the body;
b.
targets bone, muscle and adipose tissue.
2.
Prolactin (PRL)
a.
stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands;
b.
targets the mammary glands.
4.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
a.
controls the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland;
b.
targets thyroid gland.
4.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
a.
controls the secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex;
b.
targets the outer portion of the adrenal gland (cortex).
5.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
a.
response depends upon sex:
o
In females, maturation of an ovarian follicle and ovum;
o
In males, maturation of sperm in the testes;
6.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
a.
response depends upon sex:
o
In females, LH causes ovulation;
o
In males, LH causes secretion of testosterone.
B.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
1.
is located behind the anterior pituitary gland;
2.
is continuous with nerve fibers (supraopticohypophyseal tract) of the hypothalamus;
3.
does not
actually produce hormones (they are produced by the hypothalamus), but stores them until it is stimulated to release them;
4.
secretes 2 hormones: a.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
:
o
targets distal convoluted tubules (of kidney); o
causes DCT’s to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream, and
therefore increases blood pressure.
b.
Oxytocin (OT)
:
174
o
targets uterine smooth muscle and breasts;
o
causes uterine muscle contraction and milk production.
OpenStax A&P Fig. 17.11 Major Pituitary Hormones
C.
THYROID GLAND
: 1.
is located below larynx and around trachea;
2.
is involved in iodine uptake (in order to produce thyroxine (T
4
) & triiodothyronine
(T
3
) below);
3.
produces 3 hormones when stimulated by TSH:
a.
Thyroxine (T
4
)
& Triiodothyronine (T
3
)
:
increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular oxygen use to
produce ATP;
b.
Calcitonin
: o
release is triggered by an increase in blood calcium levels;
o
targets bone cells (stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits
osteoclast activity) & distal convoluted tubules (causes secretion
of excess calcium into urine);
175
o
Therefore, causes a decrease in blood calcium (and phosphate)
levels back to normal.
D.
PARATHYROID GLANDS
: 1.
consist of 4 small glands;
2.
are located within the thyroid gland;
3.
produce a hormone called Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
:
a.
release of PTH is stimulated by decreased blood calcium levels;
b.
PTH targets bone cells (activates osteoclasts to resorb bone), proximal
convoluted tubules (causes PCT’s to reabsorb calcium back into
bloodstream), and small intestine (promotes calcium absorption).
c.
Therefore, PTH causes an increase in blood calcium (and phosphate)
levels back to normal.
4.
PTH and calcitonin together maintain the homeostasis of Ca
++
in the blood.
E.
ADRENAL GLANDS
1.
are located atop the kidneys;
2.
are divided into an outer adrenal cortex
and an inner adrenal medulla
.
a.
Hormones of the
Adrenal Medulla
:
o
is located in the central portion of the adrenal glands;
o
produces 2 closely related hormones, which function in the
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
1. epinephrine;
2. norepinephrine
.
These hormones target:
1.
the heart (SA Node to increase heart rate);
2.
smooth muscle:
●
peripheral arterioles (vasoconstriction, which increases
blood pressure);
●
terminal bronchioles (bronchodilation, which increases
depth of breathing)
3.
the diaphragm (increased breathing rate).
b.
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
:
o
is located in the outer portion of the adrenal glands;
o
produces many steroid hormones when stimulated by ACTH:
1.
Aldosterone
targets proximal convoluted tubules, causing
reabsorption of water and electrolytes back into the blood
(increases blood pressure).
2.
Cortisol
targets all cells, where it regulates glucose
metabolism (along with T
3
and T
4
).
3.
Supplemental sex hormones (estrogens and androgens)
that target secondary sex organs.
176
OpenStax A&P Fig. 17.17 Adrenal Glands
F.
PANCREAS
: a.
is located behind the stomach on the left side of abdomen;
b.
functions as a mixed gland. (i.e. both an exocrine gland (digestion) and
endocrine gland (see below);
c.
Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets
(of Langerhans) 1. Glucagon
:
o
is produced by Alpha cells
(α-cells) in Islets of Langerhans;
o
Secretion is stimulated by decreased blood glucose levels (i.e.
fasting), glucagon increases blood glucose levels (i.e. causes
breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into bloodstream).
2.
Insulin
:
o
is produced by Beta cells
(β-cells) in Islets of Langerhans;
o
Secretion is stimulated by increased blood glucose levels (i.e.
after eating), insulin decreases blood glucose levels (i.e. moves
glucose from bloodstream into cells and promotes glycogen
formation in liver and skeletal muscle).
d.
Review how these two hormones regulate glucose homeostasis in blood.
G.
THYMUS GLAND
:
1.
is located in the mediastinum region behind sternum;
2.
produces a hormone called thymosin
that affects the maturation of lymphocytes
(T-cells);
3.
plays an important role in lymphatic system and immunity;
4.
decreases in size as we age.
H.
PINEAL GLAND
:
1.
is attached to the thalamus of the brain stem;
2.
secretes a hormone called melatonin
:
a.
production is stimulated by daylight (circadian rhythm);
b.
affects moods, emotions, etc.
I.
OVARIES:
1.
An ovarian follicle (and ovum) start to mature each month following puberty under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
a.
The developing follicle secretes estrogen
: o
Estrogen develops female secondary sexual characteristics (at puberty) and maintains them throughout life.
177
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Related Questions
Topic: Endocrine Physiology
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Name:
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TABLE 22
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Gland
Anterior
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Posterior
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EXERCISE NO. 22
Endocrine Structure and Function
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
1.
2.
1.
2.
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. Identify the endocrine organ described by each of the following statements.
1.
located in the anterior neck; produces key hormones for metabolism
2.
produces the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary
3.
a mixed gland, located behind the stomach and close to the small intestine
4. paired glands suspended in the scrotum
5.
bilobed gland located in the sella turcica
6.
found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production
7.
found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth
8.
found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
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Dopamine, prolactin: produced by the hypothalamus
Somatostatin, GHRH, GH, insulin-like growth factors: GHRH produced by the hypothalamus GH and insulin-like growth factor: anterior pituitary
TRH, TSH, thyroid hormone:TRH produced by the hypothalamus TSH and thyroid homes: prouded by the anterior pituitary
CRH, ACTH, and cortisol CRH: hyptahlmus ACTH and cortisol: anterior pituary
GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
GnRH produced by the hypothalamus
FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone,…
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EXERCISE
18
Name
REVIEW SHEET
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compared to a text message and the endocrine system to mailing a letter. Briefly explain this comparison.
brbl
2. Define hormone:.
3. Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the
and the
4. Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements:
1. located in the anterior neck; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
2. produces the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary
3. a mixed gland, located posterior to the stomach and close to the small intestine
4. paired glands suspended in the scrotum
lim ni bevi
5. bilobed gland located in the sella turcica
6. found in the pelvic cavity of the female, responsible for ova and female hormone production
7. found in the upper thorax overlying…
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Increases thyroid hormone
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1. ADH
Regulates cell metabolism
2. Glucagon
Increases milk production in
females
3. Oxytocin
Prolongs sympathetic
response
4. Epinephrine
Increases uterine
5. Thyroxine
contraction
6. Prolactin
Increases blood sugar
7. ACTH
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8. TSH
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Name
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