152-Lab_IP2_PrelabWksht-sp24 (1)

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152

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Page 1 of 2 Bio 152 | Spring 2024 IP 2 pre-lab: Analyzing primary literature __________________________________________________________________________________________ Read Before You Start Reading primary literature can be hard, as this humorous article suggests ( How to read a scientific paper ). Here are a few tips to help you with the difficult process. - Skim first. Use the title, key words, and abstract to identify the “big picture” of the article . - Next, look over the introduction and discussion sections. These parts are broader in scope and will help you find the study rationale. - Review any important figures and tables. - Then, read the methods and results to find more details about how the study was conducted. - Lastly, look at any supplementary materials or datasets. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ STEP 1. Read the excerpt from the Results section of our example chocolate and tea meta-analysis posted to this week’s Canvas page. Respond to the prompts below using that document. 1. What were the main findings of the research according to the results section? Summarize the primary results in 1-2 sentences using your own words. The cocoa studies found that younger subjects with mild hypertension saw a slight decrease is systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The tea studies showed no significant changes in blood pressure compared to the control. 2. How do those results relate to the broad question of “Can chocolate and/or tea be implemented in diet regimes to reduce hypertension?” Interpret their results below in 1-2 sentences using your own words. While cocoa did have a small positive effect on a small percentage of the subjects in the trials, it is not reasonable to say that the implementation of either tea or cocoa can be expected to result in a decrease of blood pressure. 3. Looking only at the chocolate data and Table 1, complete the table below showing the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) data they used to answer their overall question about chocolate consumption. One table has been completed for you showing the systolic blood pressure (SBP) data. NOTE: You need to do the calculations for the change in DBP for the cocoa treatment and control columns. You will not find those data directly in the article excerpt . Source Mean mm Hg, Cocoa treatment before SBP Mean mm Hg, Cocoa treatment after SBP Mean mm Hg, Cocoa treatment change in SBP Mean mm Hg, Control before SBP Mean mm Hg, Control after SBP Mean mm Hg, Control change in SBP Taubert et al., 2003 153.3 148.6 -4.7 153.6 154.0 +0.4 Engler et al., 2004 121.0 120.0 -1.0 112.8 110.0 -2.8 Grassi et al., 2005 109.3 102.7 -6.6 109.7 109.3 -0.4 Grassi et al., 2005 135.5 123.6 -11.9 135.6 134.7 -0.9

Page 2 of 2 Fraga et al., 2005 123 117 -6.0 123 121 -2.0 Source Mean mm Hg, Cocoa treatment before DBP Mean mm Hg, Cocoa treatment after DBP Chocolate treatment change in DBP Control before DBP Control after DBP Control change in DBP Taubert et al., 2003 84.5 82.9 -1.6 84.2 84.5 +0.3 Engler et al., 2004 68.1 69.0 +0.9 66.1 66.0 -0.1 Grassi et al., 2005 71.6 67.5 -4.1 71.6 71.0 -0.6 Grassi et al., 2005 88.0 79.6 -8.4 87.6 87.5 -0.1 Fraga et al., 2005 72.0 67.0 -5.0 71 70 -1.0 STEP 2. Now look at the second article posted on Canvas by Garcia-Yu et al. , 2020 . Remember to look at our suggestions for how to approach reading primary literature at the top of this document. 1. After skimming the article, identify the components of this research listed below and fill in each line. a. Overall research question: Does cocoa intake affect blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in post-menopausal women. b. Independent variable: 10g of chocolate c. Dependent variable(s): SBP, DBP, Heart rate, MAP, PP, TC d. Conclusions/their answer to the research question: No significant change in SBP, DBP, TC (LDL and HDL) although there was a decrease in pulse pressure across the two groups. 2. This article was published after our example meta-analysis. Based on the data used in the study, could this paper have been included in our example meta-analysis if it had been published earlier? (Ask yourself: do the variables match those used in the other included studies?) Support your answer with a brief justification of your decision. This study would not have been considered for the meta-analysis because there was no effects of cocoa intake on blood pressure found. 3. In addition to looking at the data, what other considerations should you make about the research before including this study in our example meta-analysis? List at least 2 other considerations. The construction of the study would have met the requirements, but with no useful data it was repetitive information for the analysis. The variables and the validity of the testing is important as well as the randomization of trials.

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