EXS-305 Perspective and Theories in Motor Behavior Research Paper

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Feb 20, 2024

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Perspective and Theories in Motor Behavior Research College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Grand Canyon University 305: Motor Control and Motor Learning 1
Perspective and Theories in Motor Behavior Research Motor behavior is a topic that is widely studied all around the world due to its complexity in the production of movement in humans. In the article “The effects of linear, nonlinear, and differential motor learning methods on the emergence of creative action in individual soccer players” the aim was to “compare different motor learning methods that are distinguished by the degree to which they induce movement variability during practice and investigate how they affect variability and creativity in action.” (Orangi et al., 2021). They further discuss how different motor learning methods are used in this study like nonlinear pedagogy and ecological dynamics. They had 66 male participants with no experience in soccer perform a 12-week training program that included motor learning methods before a test match that was recorded and analyzed to determine individual creative action. In conclusion, researchers found that the nonlinear group and the differential learning group produced more creative actions than the linear group. The nonlinear group had the highest number of different actions which was followed by the differential learning group and lastly the linear group. Perspectives and Theories There are multiple perspectives and theories used in this article between the three groups as methods to stimulate the player's adaptability and creativity. In the linear group, Adam's closed-loop theory was used to train these players over the course of 12 weeks to focus on learning the movement pattern through instruction, feedback, and repetition to adopt these new skills. In the nonlinear group, Schmidt’s Schema Theory was applied by having the players search for solutions through the manipulation of task constraints. Also in the nonlinear group, ecological theories are applicable because the players in this group had to quickly adapt to the new environment in order to learn these new movement patterns. In the very last group, which is 2
the differential learning group the reflex theory was applied since their goal in each session was to give instruction but make changes in the practice of movement patterns therefore challenging their response due to a change in stimulus. Intervention and Treatment When looking at past perspectives, models, and theories regarding creative decisions made in soccer, most interventions discuss the same or similar methods used. In this study “Variability and creativity in small-sided conditioned games among elite soccer players” researchers found the ecological approach enhanced “action repertoire” (Caso and Van Der Kamp, 2020) and was likely to inspire creative actions. In present articles such as the one discussed many theories and perspectives were used to analyze the best method of instruction for beginner soccer players. Adams's closed-loop theory, Schmidt's Schema Theory, ecological theories, and the reflex theory were used to determine the validity of decision-making. Using the results found in this study, coaches can use these theories in their own methods of teaching to enhance rapid decision-making skills in their athletes to further improve their athletic performance. For future treatment options, the ecological theory and schema theory should be the first approach to use when developing cognitive soccer skills followed by the reflex theory. Assumptions and Limitations A limitation that researchers in this study mention was the lack of a pre-test. Although they did make sure to randomize participants in the different groups to prevent selection bias. They also did not describe the types of constraints made in the final test match that probably played a role in how these players made their decisions which can be crucial for future research. Finally, this study was only done on male participants, researchers urge future studies to address 3
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gender bias in motor behavior studies to determine how these different learning styles affect females. Evaluation of Case Study Reading through this study, I believe researchers could have done this study on a younger population who may benefit more from these types of motor learning methods than adults. While it did give insight into how each method can enhance or diminish creative decision-making in singular players, it could have also included team decision-making since soccer is a team sport. I also believe other models such as the systems model and motor program theory could have been studied as well. The systems model could help athletes critically think and adapt to a variety of situations that may happen in a soccer game. The utilized perspectives and theories in this study were large, well-justified, and diverse and suitable for people with different learning styles. 4
References Adolph, K. E., & Franchak, J. M. (2016). The development of motor behavior. WIREs Cognitive Science , 8 (1–2). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1430 Caso, S., & van der Kamp, J. (2020). Variability and creativity in small-sided conditioned games among elite soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 48 , 101645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101645 Mohammadi Orangi, B., Yaali, R., Bahram, A., van der Kamp, J., & Aghdasi, M. T. (2021). The effects of linear, nonlinear, and differential motor learning methods on the emergence of creative action in individual soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 56 , 102009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102009 5

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