Assignment 1
.docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
University of California, Berkeley *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
11
Subject
Biology
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
5
Uploaded by annacaissi
NST 11 Spring 2024
Assignment 1 Introduction & Concept of Toxicology
1.
Which of the following describes hormesis?
a.
A response that is beneficial at low doses and toxic at high doses (slide 1, pg. 28)
b.
A response that is toxic at low doses and beneficial at high doses c.
A response that has no effect at low doses
d.
None of the above
2.
The toxic effects of substance X were predicted using computer software. The analyses revealed a structural analogy between substance X and caffeine. This type of study is:
a.
In-silico (slide 1, pg. 14)
b.
In-vitro
c.
In-vivo
d.
None of the above
3.
Which of the following correctly describes toxicity testing?
a.
Toxicity testing results could determine the approval of a product for use
b.
Toxicity testing could determine the allowable concentration of a chemical in the environment
c.
Toxicity testing requires in vivo testing to determine the potential health effects of
a chemical. d.
In vitro, in vivo, and in silico testing can be expensive and may take over 5 years to complete
e.
All of the above are true (slide 1, pg. 13-14)
5-8: True or False?
4.
In the toxicity testing of substance X, a dose of 10 mg/kg is the lowest dose that can cause 100% lethality in a mice population. Therefore, the LD50 of substance X is 5mg/kg
a.
True/
False (Highlight one)
5.
You want the difference between the effective dose-response curve and the toxic dose curve to be large. a.
True/False (Highlight one)
6.
Hormesis response is likely observed in some nutrients including vitamins and minerals.
a.
True/False (Highlight one)
NST 11 Spring 2024
7.
The metabolism of a toxic substance always decreases its toxicity.
a.
True/
False (Highlight one)
8.
Let’s look closer at dose-response relationships:
% Response Lethal Dose 0
0.5 mg/kg 15%
1.3mg/kg
80%
12 mg/kg 100%
100 mg/kg a.
What is the approximate LD
50 of chemical X?
10 mg/kg
b.
What is the NOAEL and LOAEL based on lethal dose ? NOAEL = 0.5 mg/kg
LOAEL = 0.8 mg/kg
NST 11 Spring 2024
c.
What is the equation for the margin of safety (certain safety factor)? Using this, what is the approximate margin of safety for compound X?
Certain Safety Factor = LD1/ED99 1/0.1 = 10 Fundamental Concepts of Toxicokinetics
9.
Which of the following is not a biological factor that determines toxicity?
a.
Excretion
b.
Absorption
c.
Translocation
d.
Storage e.
Drug action
10.
What class of enzymes are responsible for phase I metabolic reactions?
a.
Serine hydrolases
b.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
c.
ATPases
d.
Lipid kinases
e.
Deacetylases
11.
AhR is a protein that induces CYP1A1 expression. Knocking out AhR gene in mice will:
a.
Promote tumor growth (actually opposite I think… reduces toxicity of B(a)P because B(a)P becomes more toxic with Phase 1 metabolism)
b.
Decrease DNA adducts
c.
Increase the amount of reactive metabolite from Phase I metabolism
d.
Increase Phase II metabolism
e.
None of the above
12.
Which statement(s) is true regarding hepatic/portal circulation?
a.
It circulates bile acids from the liver into the small intestine and transports bile acids back to the liver.
b.
It removes excessive interstitial fluid.
c.
It restricts the passage of pathogens into the cerebrospinal fluid.
d.
It passes the substances from the gut to the liver
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Related Questions
1.- Please name the drug sources, and explain one of them.
2.- Why are important the Drug Standards?
3.- What means: PDR and USAN?
4.- Please explain the Controlled Substances Act of 1990.
5.- What is the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004? Why is important? Please give an example of one product label.
6.- What is Pharmacokinetics? What means excretion of a drug?
7.- Which factors can change the drug absorption?
8.- Please name the factors that can affect the Drug Action, and explain one of them.
9.- What is an adverse reaction?
10.- What is a palliative drug?
arrow_forward
BIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5
gs
Review
View
O Tell me
斗
AaBbCcD
AaBbCcDdE AaBb
AaBbCcDdEe
AaBbCcDdEe
A v H v
No Spacing
Normal
Heading 1
Heading 2
Title
Styles
Pane
Case Study #7
Ayoung woman was playing in a rugby game when she was knocked down. She
was momentarily stunned, "saw stars," and had blurred vision for approximately 30
seconds. After resting for several minutes no symptoms remained except a lingering
headache.
1. What may the lingering headache indicate?
2. After a few weeks the rugby player lost her sense of smell. Reexamination showed a
fractured ethmoid bone. Why could this fracture cause the loss of her sense of smell?
3. Will it return? Why or why not?
arrow_forward
BIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5 -
Review
View
O Tell me
Ev E v.
AaBbCcD
AaBbCcDdE AaBb
AaBbCcDdEe
AaBbCcDdEe
田
Normal
No Spacing
Heading 1
Heading 2
Title
Case Study #3
Gerald, an elderly male, has begun to feel dizzy recently and noticed that this
disorientation produces a sensation of falling toward the left. Later that week while
walking his pug downtown he noticed that his left leg gave way several times. Concerned
he went to his doctor where it was discovered that Gerald has a single small tumor
causing these symptoms.
1. Based on the information given where is the tumor and why?
2. Is the tumor operable based on its location?
arrow_forward
Answer with explanation.
arrow_forward
2
DO NOT COPY FROM OTHER WEBSITES
Upvote guarenteed for a correct and detailed answer. Thank you!!!
arrow_forward
i need the answer quickly
arrow_forward
BIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5-
Review
View
O Tell me
AaBbCcDdEe
AaBbCcD
AaBbCcDdE AaBb
AaBbCcDdEe
>
A y H v
Styl
Pa
No Spacing
Heading 1
Heading 2
Title
Case Study #2
A 35 y old man goes to his family physician because he has been exhibiting the
following symptoms over the past few weeks and they have been worsening: weakness,
spasticity in the right leg, difficulties with balance, fatigue and malaise. Lab results
reveal abnormalities in CSF and MRI brain scan. Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis.
1. Describe in detail how the deterioration of nervous system strength and stability
causes the physical symptoms.
2. Describe in détail how CSF imbalance causes the physical symptoms.
arrow_forward
Case Scenario 2
The child had been receiving a prescribed dose of tryptophan at bedtime to treat a sleep disorder for about 18 months. A refill was ordered and filled. The child received the prescribed dose but was found dead in his bed the next day. The post-mortem toxicology test identified the antispasticity agent baclofen at the expected concentration of the prescribed tryptophan. It was determined that the child had received a dose of baclofen more than 20 times the maximum recommended pediatric dose.
Case scenario 3
An outpatient pharmacy accidentally dispensed the antipsychotic thiothixene (Navane) instead of the prescribed anti-hypertensive medication amlodipine (Norvasc). The patient took the wrong medication for three months, leading to physical and psychological harm.
Question to be answered:
From the case scenario 2 and 3 what can a pharmacist do to avoid such an incidence while working in a Pharmacy? Give a list of strategies in minimizing dispensing…
arrow_forward
true or false
arrow_forward
BIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5 -
Review
View
O Tell me
AaBbCcD
AaBbCcDdE AaBb .
AaBbCcDdEe
AaBbCcDdEe
>
Sty
Pa
Normal
No Spacing
Heading 1
Heading 2
Title
Case Study #6
Wendy was finally traveling to the Greek islands - making a dream she had all her life
a reality. On the boat ride from Santorini to Corfu she went in the ship's hull to find her
camera packed away in one of her bags. While she was down there even though she
could not see the ocean she could feel the movement of the boat. Within minutes Wendy
was severely nauseous.
1. How did the seasickness occur? Meaning specifically the disconnect between the
eyes and inner ear.
2. Why does looking at the horizon eliminate seasickness? (for some individuals)
3. How do medications such as Dramamine alleviate seasickness?
arrow_forward
Hand written plz asap.... Fast plz plz asap plz i need urgent
arrow_forward
Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion to all parts
arrow_forward
All of case study #1
arrow_forward
ACTIVITY NO. 4: HOSPITAL FORMULARY AND THE FORMULARY SYSTEM
Date:
Name:
OBJECTIVES:
1. To explain in the rationale for the hospital formulary system
2. To describr the process for drug selectioN
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. Definition
Formulary
Formulary System
Formulary Drugs
Non-Formulary Drugs
2. Purpose of the Hospital Fornulary System
3. Application of then Hospital Formulary System
4. Role of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee.
5. The Hospital Formulary
Content and Organization
Formulary Drug Designation
Adding and Deleting Drugs to/from the Formulary
Restricted Formulary Drugs
6. Procedures for Obtaining Non-Formulary Drugs
7. Monitoring Non-Formulary Drug Prescribing
8. Requirement and Costs for Hospital Formuiary Implementation
9. Updating of the Contents of the Hospital Formulary
ACTIVITIES:
1. Discuss how formulary drugs are designated.
2. Determine if all tertiary level hospltals are using the Hospital Formulary System.
arrow_forward
##4..
arrow_forward
15. Write short note on the given topics:
1. Bioavailability of drug
please answer at your own words
arrow_forward
Strengthen
and to supplement knowledge about
1. Importance of solar radiation.
2. Influence of solar radiation constituents on human body:
a) infrared radiation;
b) visible radiation;
c) ultraviolet radiation.
3. Negative aftermaths of a person's hyperinsolation and its
prevention.
arrow_forward
Need case study full accurate not guideline here below requirements.
I. VIEW POINT
II. TIME CONTEXT
III. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
A. MAIN PROBLEM
B. SUB PROBLEM
IV. OBJECTIVES
A. MUST OBJECTIVE
B. WANT OBJECTIVE
V. AREAS OF CONCENTRATION INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
A. STRENGTH
B. WEAKNESSES
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
A. OPPORTUNITIES
B. THREATHS
VI. ALTERNATIVE CASES OF ACTION (ACA)
ACA 1.
ACA 2
ACA 3
CRITERIA
RECOMMENDATION
Below topic
arrow_forward
i need the answer quickly
arrow_forward
i need the answer quickly
arrow_forward
Solve this reconstitution medication
arrow_forward
5
arrow_forward
Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285, U.S.A.
Expiration Date/Control No.
WV 0681 AMX
Store
59° to 86°F (15 to 30°C)
Keep Tightly
at Controlled Room Temperature
Closed
NDC 0002-1032-04
1000 TABLETS No. 1545
Lilly
PHENOBARBITAL
TABLETS, USP
30 mg
WARNING-May be habit forming.
CAUTION-Federal (U.S.A.) law
prohibits dispensing without
prescription.
Sedative Dose-15 to 30 mg
Adult
2 to 4 times a day.
Usual
Usual Adult Hypnotic Dose-100 to
Dispense in a tight container.
200 mg
Use the medication label to complete these calculations. The drug label will supply
the dosage strength and the unit.
The healthcare provider has ordered 45 mg of phenobarbital twice a day. How many
tablets will the nurse give daily?
arrow_forward
Question is -;A Patient OP 4 y/o weighs 45 lbs was prescribed with Drug B 250mg PO Q6 for infection. The drug reference indicates that the usual oral dose for children > 1 year: 50-100mg/kg/day in dividend dose every 6-8 hrs; maximum of 4g/day. Is the order correct, underdose or overdose.
arrow_forward
QUESTION 1
A. Define equilibrium constant of a drug
B. Discuss the relationship between the equilibrium constant, affinity, potency and the
response of a drug
C. Discuss four factors that may affect a drug response
arrow_forward
Question:-
TOXICOLOGY HELP: What are two common toxicology related developability issues encountered during discovery or development along with two possible solutions?
arrow_forward
Chemotherapy Imm...
Question 33 of 60
Adherence to guidelines for administration of
oral ketoconazole can be demonstrated by:
A.
administering the dose with an acidic beverage.
B.
taking concurrently with aprepitant.
C.
avoiding selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors.
D.
administering on an empty stomach.
Options
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Understanding Nutrition (MindTap Course List)
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9781337392693
Author:Eleanor Noss Whitney, Sharon Rady Rolfes
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Related Questions
- 1.- Please name the drug sources, and explain one of them. 2.- Why are important the Drug Standards? 3.- What means: PDR and USAN? 4.- Please explain the Controlled Substances Act of 1990. 5.- What is the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004? Why is important? Please give an example of one product label. 6.- What is Pharmacokinetics? What means excretion of a drug? 7.- Which factors can change the drug absorption? 8.- Please name the factors that can affect the Drug Action, and explain one of them. 9.- What is an adverse reaction? 10.- What is a palliative drug?arrow_forwardBIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5 gs Review View O Tell me 斗 AaBbCcD AaBbCcDdE AaBb AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDdEe A v H v No Spacing Normal Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Pane Case Study #7 Ayoung woman was playing in a rugby game when she was knocked down. She was momentarily stunned, "saw stars," and had blurred vision for approximately 30 seconds. After resting for several minutes no symptoms remained except a lingering headache. 1. What may the lingering headache indicate? 2. After a few weeks the rugby player lost her sense of smell. Reexamination showed a fractured ethmoid bone. Why could this fracture cause the loss of her sense of smell? 3. Will it return? Why or why not?arrow_forwardBIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5 - Review View O Tell me Ev E v. AaBbCcD AaBbCcDdE AaBb AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDdEe 田 Normal No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Case Study #3 Gerald, an elderly male, has begun to feel dizzy recently and noticed that this disorientation produces a sensation of falling toward the left. Later that week while walking his pug downtown he noticed that his left leg gave way several times. Concerned he went to his doctor where it was discovered that Gerald has a single small tumor causing these symptoms. 1. Based on the information given where is the tumor and why? 2. Is the tumor operable based on its location?arrow_forward
- BIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5- Review View O Tell me AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcD AaBbCcDdE AaBb AaBbCcDdEe > A y H v Styl Pa No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Case Study #2 A 35 y old man goes to his family physician because he has been exhibiting the following symptoms over the past few weeks and they have been worsening: weakness, spasticity in the right leg, difficulties with balance, fatigue and malaise. Lab results reveal abnormalities in CSF and MRI brain scan. Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis. 1. Describe in detail how the deterioration of nervous system strength and stability causes the physical symptoms. 2. Describe in détail how CSF imbalance causes the physical symptoms.arrow_forwardCase Scenario 2 The child had been receiving a prescribed dose of tryptophan at bedtime to treat a sleep disorder for about 18 months. A refill was ordered and filled. The child received the prescribed dose but was found dead in his bed the next day. The post-mortem toxicology test identified the antispasticity agent baclofen at the expected concentration of the prescribed tryptophan. It was determined that the child had received a dose of baclofen more than 20 times the maximum recommended pediatric dose. Case scenario 3 An outpatient pharmacy accidentally dispensed the antipsychotic thiothixene (Navane) instead of the prescribed anti-hypertensive medication amlodipine (Norvasc). The patient took the wrong medication for three months, leading to physical and psychological harm. Question to be answered: From the case scenario 2 and 3 what can a pharmacist do to avoid such an incidence while working in a Pharmacy? Give a list of strategies in minimizing dispensing…arrow_forwardtrue or falsearrow_forward
- BIO 168 Case Studies Unit 5 - Review View O Tell me AaBbCcD AaBbCcDdE AaBb . AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDdEe > Sty Pa Normal No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Case Study #6 Wendy was finally traveling to the Greek islands - making a dream she had all her life a reality. On the boat ride from Santorini to Corfu she went in the ship's hull to find her camera packed away in one of her bags. While she was down there even though she could not see the ocean she could feel the movement of the boat. Within minutes Wendy was severely nauseous. 1. How did the seasickness occur? Meaning specifically the disconnect between the eyes and inner ear. 2. Why does looking at the horizon eliminate seasickness? (for some individuals) 3. How do medications such as Dramamine alleviate seasickness?arrow_forwardHand written plz asap.... Fast plz plz asap plz i need urgentarrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion to all partsarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Understanding Nutrition (MindTap Course List)Health & NutritionISBN:9781337392693Author:Eleanor Noss Whitney, Sharon Rady RolfesPublisher:Cengage Learning
Understanding Nutrition (MindTap Course List)
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9781337392693
Author:Eleanor Noss Whitney, Sharon Rady Rolfes
Publisher:Cengage Learning