2103_Reflection-1_Ch 1 & 2_nmk1e_Fall'23 (1) (1)

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BIOL 2103 Reflection 1(Chapter 1 & 2) Name: Answer Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology, page 1 ( Type your answer on the blue line and then delete the blue line on the right ) A. A Brief History Of Microbiology 1. a. Give a precise definition of “ Microorganisms ”. Ans: cellular, living, microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, fungi. b. Why they are important to study? Ans: it is central to understanding human health and disease . c. Name the 7 different types of microorganisms that are discussed in chapter 1 & 2. Ans: 1. Bacteria 2. archaea 3. fungi 4. protists 5. helminths 6. viruses 7. prions d. Distinguish a true pathogen from an opportunistic pathogen. Ans: true pathogen: microbes that will always cause disease Opportunistic pathogen: microbes that cause disease only in a weakened host 2. a. Explain the theories of biogenesis versus spontaneous generations. Ans: biogenesis: life emerges from existing life. Spontaneous: life comes from nonliving items. b. Look at Fig 1.3 Pasteur’s experiment that disproved spontaneous generation. “Why was it important that the broth was heated in the same flask as ot was cooled?” Ans: so that broth remained pure c. List Koch’s postulates of disease and describe how they contributed to germ theory of disease. Ans : Koch’s postulates are: 1. the same organism must present in every case of the disease. 2. the organism must be isolated from the disease host and grown as a pure culture. 3. The isolated organism should cause the disease in question when its introduced into a susceptible host. 4. the organism must then be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal. 3. a. How did Lister, Semmelweis and Nightingale contribute to health care? Lister proved that sterilization and sanitizing wounds helped. Semmelweis developed aseptic techniques, and Nightingale established aseptic techniques in nursing. b. Match the following people to their scientific/medical contribution. People/scientists Contributions 1. Joseph Lister 5 Disproved theory of spontaneous generation 2. Robert Hooke 4 Discovered penicillin (antibiotic) 3. Robert Koch 3 Developed postulates of disease 4. Alexandr Flemming 1 Implemented aseptic technique in surgery 5. Louis Pasteur 2 First to publish description of cells 4. a. What is scientific method?
BIOL 2103 Reflection 1(Chapter 1 & 2) Name: Answer Ans: process by which scientists formulate a hypothesis, gather data, experiment, and come to a conclusion. b. Name the steps of scientific method? Ans: 1. question 2. hypothesis 3. experiment 4. data 5. observation 6. conclusion c. What is hypothesis? Ans: prediction based on prior experience or observation. d. How is scientific law different from theory? Ans: Law: precise statement. Theory: hypothesis Classifying Microbes And Their Interactions 5. a. Explain why scientific names are referred to as “binomial nomenclature”. Ans : two-named system, that includes genus and species designations. b. Summarize the taxonomic hierarchy from broadest to specific classification. Ans: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species . 6. a. Define parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. Ans : In parasitism , hurt the host, commensalism no perceived benefit or cost to the host mutualism help the host. b. How is normal microbiota established and what roles does it have? Ans: they train our immune system, produce vitamins, help us digest foods. 7. a. What is the relationship between sickle cell and malaria? Ans: people that have sickle cell are lest likely to carry the pathogen that cause malaria . b. What are the pros and cons of bioremediation? Ans: pros- help clean toxic waste up. Cons- can harm the environment . Growing, Staining, And Viewing Microbes 8. a. What format of media is recommended for isolating bacteria? Ans: culture media b. What is the importance of aseptic technique in microbiology lab? Ans: so that only the microbes in a given sample are grown . c. What is a colony? How will you isolate a colony? Ans: a colony is a grouping of cells that develop from a single parent cell. You isolate them by using the streak plate technique. 9. a. What is staining? Explain with example the difference between simple and differential or structural staining? Ans: dyes, used to increase contrast so the sample is easier to see. Simple staining uses one dye; differential highlights the differences in cell walls; structural brings the different structural features- flagella, capsule, endospore .
BIOL 2103 Reflection 1(Chapter 1 & 2) Name: Answer b. What is Gram staining? What does it reveal? Ans: classifies bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative, shows chemical and structural differences between cell walls. 10. i. Which of the following statements is/are true (T) or false (F) (mark all that are true/false)? a. T Normal microbiota may colonize us before we are even born. b. F Gram positive bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. c . F Sample can be stained or unstained for light microscopy. d. T Iodine is the mordant used in gram staining procedure. e. T Immersion oil improves resolution by limiting light refraction. ii. True (T) or False (F): a. Organisms in the same order are more closely related than those in the same family. F b. When hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered a theory. T c. Use living organisms to detoxify oil spills is called bioremediation. T d. Microbes are ubiquitous. T e. A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is trying to determine if that species is the cause of a disease T Chapter 2: Biochemistry Basics , page 36 A. From Atoms to Macromolecules 1. a. What is an element? – pure substances that make up ordinary matter. b. Define the term atom and tell the characteristics of the three particles associated with atoms. Ans: atom: the smallest unit of elements. i. protons: positively charges particles ii. neutrons: negatively charged particles. iii. electrons: negatively charged particles around the nucleus. 2. a. What is the difference between cation and anion? How are ions formed? Ans: cation: an atom that has lost electron and consequently has an overall positive charge. Anion: has a negative charge as a result of gaining electrons Ions are found when atoms have an unequal number of protons and electrons. b. What are isotopes and why are they medically useful? Ans: isotopes: atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Useful in nuclear medicine in radiopharmaceuticals- drugs that contain specific isotope formulations. 3. a. Is O 2 considered a compound, molecule or isomer? Explain your reasoning. Ans: molecule
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