phs3341 questions after M2

1. Explain the mechanisms involved when a person blushes. What structures are involved in this response? 2. The thalamus has been described as a “switchboard.” Explain why, by describing the pathway of somatic sensory information from the receptors to the cerebral cortex. 3. Analytical Case Study: Princess Leia has asthma, and had to use her inhaler before taking her physiology exam. Later, in the physiology laboratory, she measured her pulse rate and blood pressure and found them to be higher than usual. The following week, after administering some drugs (epinephrine, atropine) she later developed a severe headache and dry mouth. When she looked in the mirror she noticed that her pupils were dilated.

5. Describe the signal gating theory of pain stimulation and provide examples.

2. Match each eye structure with it's correct description Activity 4 Activity 5

1. Give an example or scenario of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic responses. Explain the effects and organ/system involved? 2. Give an example of each of the five (5) major taste sensations.

1. Identify where on the tongue the receptors most sensitive to each of the four taste sensations usually are located. 2. What other sensations contribute to the sensation of taste? 3. Explain why hormones are only able to affect certain cells and not other cells

1. Draw the preganglionic and ganglionic neurons for a sympathetic pathway from the CNS to visceral effectors in the skin. 2. Sketch the tongue, and identify where the taste buds for sweet, bitter, sour, and salty compounds are concentrated. 3. Draw a sound wave for a high-pitched sound and a low-pitched sound.

30. Note that the optic nerve takes messages back to the brain and interprets the signal projected on the retina. Which area(s) of the brain is (are) responsible for processing these signals? NOTE: You can refer back to your brain map.

Discuss the five phases of nocioceptive pain from initiation of the pain signal to perception and modulation by the brain. Make sure to include the different fiber types. different types of pain, and the different neurotransmitters involved in your answer.

1. Match the parts of the eye with their functions: A. choroid coat 1. regulates the shape of the lens B. optic nerve 2. opening through with light enters the eye C. retina 3. carries impulses from the eye to the brain D. sclera 4. allows for sharp images by absorbing scattered light rays E. ciliary body 5. liquid which helps to maintain shape of F. iris eye G. cornea 6. transparent outer layer that refracts light 7. receives the image and changes it to an impulse H. pupil I. aqueous and vitreous humor 8. regulates the size of the pupil 9. tough, white outer coat of the eye

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2. Draw a diagram of the receptor potential formation in mechanoreceptors of the skin - Fater-Pacini bodies and show changes of the membrane potential that occur after action of a stimulus on its. Explain the mechanism of receptor potential formation and transmission of information along the afferent nerve fiber. Draw a diagram of RP with different force of stimulation of the receptor

1. Using your knowledge on personal care products, how does sunscreen lotion protect your skin from the damaging effect of ultraviolet rays? Explain why of x-rays and gamma rays are commonly used in radiotherapy. 2. Why do x-rays and gamma rays are commonly used in treating cancer (radiotherapy)? 3. Suppose a 490 nm wavelength of light enters your eyes, what receptors in retina of your eyes will be stimulated and what color will be perceived by your eyes?

41. Map the sensory process of pain perception onto the four steps of how Map the sensory process of pain perception onto the four steps of how sensory information is conveyed to the CNS. ee tepel is ovi slq od al amsxe

3. describe five factors and how they affect pain perception and pain relief

7. Name the biological significance of pain sensitivity for human body,

1. Give the receptor for olfaction.2, Give the location of transmission of the sense of olfaction in the brain. -will upvote if informative, tyy!!

3. The Sense of Hearing Sound Production - Labeling Activity 1 The figure below events are numbered A-G in the order they happen. Read the descriptions of the events bellow and place the correct letter in the blank before its description. represents the chain of events that result in the perception of sound. These A) B A. Oval window movement sets up fluid wave inside the cochlea that stimulates the hair cells of the organ of Corti. B. Temporal lobe interprets nerve impulses as sound or balance. C. Sound waves enter external auditory canal. D. Sound waves cause tympanic membrane to vibrate. E. Vestibulocochlear nerve carries impulses to temporal lobe of brain. F. Tympanic membrane causes auditory ossicles to move. G. Movement of stapes causes oval window to move in and out. 356 Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium | Laboratory 17 © bluedoor, LLC

Please ASAP. Thank you. 1. How is the threshold of sense such as hearing or touch usually defined? a.  At 50% correct response b.  At 10 % correct response c.  At 100% correct response d.  At 75% correct response 2. The cochlea separates sounds according to: a. The frequency (spectrum) of sounds b. The loudness of sounds c. The cochlea does not separate sounds according to their physical characteristics d. How fast sounds changes

1. Use the response of a pain receptor stimulated by a strong acid to illustrate the law of specifc nerve energies. 2a. Describe how the intensity of stimulation is encoded by a receptor, such as a hair cell. 2b. Contrast that with how the intensity of stimulation is encoded by the associated somatosensory neuron.

3. O bluedoor, LLC 2. Using the provided word list below, label the numbered structures: Rod Horizontal cell Cone Amacrine cell Choroid Bipolar cell Rod and Cone layer Bipolar layer Ganglion cell axons Pathway of light to optic nerve 1. . 2. Ganglion cell layer -4 4. 1- - 5 5. 6. 7. 2 - 7. 8. 8. 3 Sclera Laboratory 18 Special Senses: Vision 369

Match the function with the correct structure. 1. Absorbs scattered light Sclera 2. Photoreceptors of the retina responsible for Vitreous humour colour vision 3. Refracts light rays into the eye Ciliary muscles 4. Supports the eyeball with the fluid they Iris contain 5. Alters the shape of the lens to promote Cones focusing Lens 6. Protects and supports the eyeball 7. Area that contains a high density of cones Choroid 8. Photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to dim Fovea centralis light 9. Focuses the light rays on the fovea centralis Rods 10. Regulates the amount of light that enters Cornea the eye

2. Label the figure of the eye shown to locate anterior cavity, posterior cavity, anterior chamber, posterior chamber, cornea, sclera, optic nerve, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, lens, pupil, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, iris, retina, choroid, fovea centralis, macula densa 3. Label the figure of the olfactory epithelium and associated structures below to show olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, olfactory cilia, olfactory neuron, olfactory bulb, olfactory nerve CN I. Olfactory Epithelium

Review & Practi Now available in MasteringA&P Ex Physiology of the Ear Name Date Section A. Matching Match each description listed on the left with its correct structure on the right. 1. maculac A. loss of balance 2. cristae B. site of auditory receptors C. vibrates oval window D. trar.smits sound wave to auditory ossicles E. receptors for static equilibrium F. dissipates sound energy G. receptors for dynamic equilibrium H. loss of nerve function I. damage to tympanic membrane 3. frequency of sound 4. nerve deafness 5. conduction deafness 6. cochlca 7. stapes 8. round window 9. tympanic membrane 10. nystagmus J. eye movements during rotation 11. amplitude K. volume of a sound 12. vertigo L. pitch of a sound B. Short-Answer Questions 1. Describe the process of hearing. 2. Explain how sound waves striking the tympanic membrane result in movement of fluids in the inner ear. 3. Describe the receptors for dynamic and static equilibrium. 4. What is the range of sound frequencies that humans…

5. Review of sensory systems Choices: Olfaction; Audition; Nociception; Cones; Kinesthesis; Vestibular; Rods On your retina the and in combination these cells produce signals for all the colors of visible light. b. cells react to different wavelengths in particular blue-violet, red, and green a. Our sense of sound is called membrane and these cells can be permanently damaged if exposed to loud noise.. C. The sense of smell is called flavor of foods as you detect the spices and aromas of the dish. and depends on the movement of the hair cells on the basilar and it plays an important role in the perception of the d. contributes to staying balanced by providing information about position and motion of the body as the brain receives signals from your joints, tendons and muscles. The sense of pain is called injury, the more cells stimulated, the more signals to the brain, the more it hurts. е. and it relates to the number of cells stimulated by the

2. List the different types of general sense stimuli. Discuss the structural and functional classification of sensory receptors and the different stimuli that each receptor detects.

4. Explain the following sensory pathway a. Exteroreceptor b. Interoreceptor c. prioprioceptor 5. List the sensation modalities/ receptors and state what each does.

1. Describe the different body senses and how they function.

Explain the pain pathway and how morphine alters the concious perception of pain

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C. Match the receptors in column A with the stimulus it perceives in column B and the type of receptor in column C. You will have two letter answers per number. Ex. 1. Ear e. sound u. Phenoreceptor Answer: EU 25. Free nerve ending a. Temperatures v. Mechano receptor 26. Merkel cells b. Touch w. Nociceptor 27 Krause end bulbs c. Pressure x. Chemoreceptor Meissner corpuscle y. Thermo receptor 28. d. Pain 29. Pacinian corpuscle e. Taste z. Proprioceptor 30. Ruffini's ending f. Sight A,

3. Discuss the two basic structures of general sense organs. List the types of general sense organs belonging to each and the stimuli that they recognize.

7. A person who lacked cone photoreceptors would a. Have trouble seeing in the dark b. Have trouble seeing in strong light c. Have trouble seeing color objects d. Choice A and B are correct e. Choice B and C are correct 9. Given these events: 1. Ciliary muscle contracts 2. Ciliary muscle relaxes 3.Pupils dilate 4.Pupils constricts 5.Lens of the eye flatten 6. Lens of the eye become more spherical Assume you are looking at an object 1 meter away during bright daytime. If you suddenly look at an object that is 30 meters away, which events occur? a. 1, 3, 6 b. 1, 4, 5 с. 1, 4, 6 d. 2. 3, 6 e. 2. 4. 5 16. Which class of hormones contains hydrophilic members? a. Amines hormones. b. Peptide hormones. C. Steroid hormones. d. A and b e. A and e 17. Which of the following statements about intracellular hormone receptors is correct? a. They are activated by lipophilic hormones. b. When activated, they bind to RNA. c. They bring about more rapid changes in cellular activity than membrane-bound…

15. The diagram below illustrates the reflex pathway involved in the dilation (expansion) and contraction (shrinking) of pupils in the eye in response to changes in light intensity. Iris muscle οι οποίο Eye J K L M Neuron Y Optic nerve A person exits a darkened shopping centre and into high-intensity sunlight. Which of the following combinations correctly identifies neurons X and Y and the response to the change in light intensity? Neuron X Motor Sensory Motor Sensory Neuron X Brain Neuron Y Sensory Motor Sensory Motor Response Pupil dilates Pupil dilates Pupil contracts Pupil contacts