Microbio HW 2

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University of Pittsburgh *

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MISC

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Hanna Alamo Bio-175 March 4th, 2023 Video CH6: Summary: The video starts with the patient, Valentina. She presented to a plastic surgery clinic regarding injuries obtained post- motor vehicle accident. In the accident, Valentina sustained a broken nose in the accident and is seeking a rhinoplasty to help reposition and set the nasal bones. For post-surgical care, Valentina was told to: wash her hands with soap and water prior to touching and removing bandages, wash the site gently with soapy water, and lastly swab the wound with hydrogen peroxide 3%. The day after Valentina called the office concerned that her wound bubbled when she cleaned it with hydrogen peroxide. She then looked into hydrogen peroxide and read that it actually slows the healing process. She found that bromelain, found in pineapple, has been proved to speed up healing of wounds. However, after applying the juice to her wounds 3x a day, she presents back to the clinic with redness and discharge of the wound. A wound culture was obtained and showed bacteria consistent with staphylococcal infection. The MSA culture showed a yellow color change, confirming S. aureus. To treat this infection, Valentina is given IV Nafcilin. Questions: 1) Why does treatment of a wound with hydrogen peroxide result in bubbling? The bubbling of a wound when treated with hydrogen peroxide. It happens because our cells in our skin and bacteria contain an enzyme called catalase. Catalase is a heme enzyme in nearly all aerobic cells. The “bubbles” that occur is due to the oxygen gas being created in the reaction. 2) What is the purpose of culture media? A wound sample was cultured with the medium because it provides the nutrients needed for the growth of microorganisms. 3) Which selective and differential medium is used to identify S. aureus? The selective and differential medium used to identify S. aureus is MSA, or mannitol salt agar. What I learned: Although patients may make the incorrect decision of using the internet instead of physicians recommendations, you still have ways to identify and treat the new issue. When I see “mannitol” I think of a very strong diuretic we use in the emergency room for patients with brain swelling. Since the mannitol in the MSA has a super high salt content, this makes sense on both ends and is a connection between medicine and class.
Video CH7 Summary: The video starts with data in the hospital showing an increase in infections of C. diff in patients in the hospital. The three things that contribute to HAI’s are: presence of microorganisms in the hospital, immunocompromised patients, and transmission of infection. A way to decrease the risk is to eliminate the microorganisms from objects, using disinfection or sterilization. This hospital uses Quats to clean the floors and other surfaces but does not remove endospores, which could be the reason for the increase in HAI’s. The hospital cleaning staff then switches to hypochlorite-based disinfectants, a chlorine based cleaner that reduces C. diff spores. The change in protocol decreases the amount of affected patients back to the normal baseline. Questions: 4) What are healthcare-associated infections? HAI’s or Hospital Associated Infections are infections that patients obtained while being treated in a hospital. 5) What are the Spaulding rules for disinfection and sterilization? a) Critical: instruments that touch sterile b) Semi-critical: contact mucous membranes c) Non-critical: contact intact skin 6) What are the signs and symptoms of a Clostridium difficile infection? Diarrhea, frequent watery stools,melena, abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite. 7) How can Clostridium difficile endospores be eliminated from the environment? With hypochlorite-based disinfectants, the high concentration of hypochlorite reduces the levels of toxigenic C. diff. What I learned: I have seen C. diff in patients and have been taught about the seriousness of wearing PPE while interacting with patients, I learned more about C. diff from a microbiology standpoint and why environmental services and my job of keeping areas clean are so important in the hospital. Video Ch8 Summary: The video starts by introducing us to our patient, a 23-year old male suffering from a postoperative infection. Drake sustained an proximal lower extremity injury in the military that is now a concern for necrotizing fasciitis. The wound came back positive for A. baumanii, a gram-negative bacillus that is aerobic, pleomorphic and nonmotile. It is a common pathogen found in military hospitals. This infection is very difficult to treat due to it having a resistance to many antibiotics. R-factors are plasmids that carry one or more mutations. R-plasmids can move from one organism to another
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