Microbiology Chapter 1-3
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Date
Dec 6, 2023
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Test on Feb.18 Friday
Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes
1.1 Describe the key experiments of
scientists who disproved spontaneous
Generation.
-
Italian biologist and physician Francesco Redi
-
Demonstrated worms on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meat
-
Placed meat in two jars
-
Covered one jar with gauze
-
Gauze prevented flies from depositing eggs
-
No eggs →no worms
-
In 1749, John Needham demonstrated boiled broths still produced microorganisms
-
In 1776, Father Spallanzani contradicted Needham’s results
-
Boiled broths longer; sealed flasks by melting necks
-
Broths remained sterile unless the neck cracked
1. Explain how the successful challenge
to the idea of spontaneous generation Assignment
led to the Golden Age of Microbiology
-
the idea that microorganisms cause disease and understanding
microorganisms and viral led to improvements in the human health and
how genes can move into bacteria to lead to vaccines and anitbiotics
.
1.3 Describe the scientific method, using
Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment
as an example.
-
different flasks were messed around with and there was no spontaneous generation
arising from the broth being heated
-
1.4 Explain why life could not exist
without microorganisms.
-
normal microbiota and normal flora. prevents disease by competing with disease causing
microbes. helps degrade foods that the body couldn't digest. promotes development of
immune system. early exposure can lessen chances of allergies, asthma, brain
chemistry, behavior, and weight gain
1.5 List three commercial benefits of
Microorganisms.
-
waste treatment, food, and medicine
Test on Feb.18 Friday
1.6 Describe why microorganisms are
useful research tools.
-
same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as higher life forms.
composed of same chemical elements and synthesize all structure by similar
mechanisms. duplicate DNA when they degrade food to harvest energy using
metabolic pathways. bacteria grows rapidly and forms billions of cells per milliliter
1.7 Describe the role of microbes in
disease, including examples of past
triumphs and remaining challenges.
-the germ theory of disease. the more people understood that microbes caused diseases
the more cautious they were with hand washing, antibiotics, and vaccinations. past centuries
were baby deliveries, small pox, plague, pneumonia, polio, and food and mouth disease.
remaining is infections are in developing countries even with good health care systems
1.8 Compare and contrast characteristics
of members of the Bacteria, Archaea,
and Eukarya.
-
Bacteria: cells do not contain a nucleus. Archaea: cells do not contain a nucleus; they
have a different cell wall from bacteria. Eukarya: cells do contain a nucleus.
1.9 Explain how the scientific name of an
the organism is written.
-
Binomial system of nomenclature, proposed by Carolus Linnaeus, is the most accepted
system of scientific naming which is practiced currently.
1.10 Compare and contrast the algae,
fungi, and protozoa.
-Algae are plant-like organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular, and derive
energy via photosynthesis. Protozoa are unicellular organisms with complex cell structures;
most are motile. Microscopic fungi include molds and yeasts. Helminths are multicellular
parasitic worms.
1.11 Compare and contrast viruses,
viroids, and prions.
-Viroids are smaller than viruses. Prions are smaller than the viroids. Viroids are
composed of single strands of RNA. Prions are composed of only protein molecules. Viruses,
viroids, and prions are all acellular structures i.e. non-living. They cannot reproduce on their own
and are dependent on the host machinery to reproduce and continue their progeny
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Learning Outcomes
Test on Feb.18 Friday
2.1 Describe the general structure of an
atom and its isotopes.
-Each atom has a charged sub-structure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of
protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
2.2 Describe the importance of valence
Electrons.
-
They are important because they determine how an atom will react. By writing an
electron configuration, You'll be able to see how many electrons occupy the
highest energy level.
2.3 Compare and contrast ionic bonds,
covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
-
In a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more electrons. Water is a polar molecule. A
hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between two oppositely partially charged sides
of two or more molecules. In an ionic bond, an atom gives away one or more electrons to
another atom
2.4 Explain the role of an enzyme in
chemical reactions.
-
It speeds it up.
2.5. Describe the properties of water and
explain why it is so important in biological
Systems.
-
Water has many diverse properties which are important for hydrogen bonds and
therefore important for biological systems
-
2.6 Explain the concept of pH, and how
the pH of a solution relates to its acidity.
-
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being
neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a
base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in
the water
2.7 Describe the role of buffers.
-
. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of
the solution relatively stable
2.8 Describe the characteristics of the
different types of carbohydrates.
-
Monosaccharides:
-
-simple sugars
-
-basic unit of a carbohydrate
Test on Feb.18 Friday
-
-5 or 6 carbon atoms (form a ring)
-
-5 carbon--ribose, deoxyribose
-
-6 carbon--glucose
-
Disaccharides:
-
-2 monosaccharides
-
-joined by glucose and fructose in a covalent bond
-
-sucrose--table sugar
-
-dehydration synthesis
-
Polysaccharides:
-
-long chains of monosaccharides
-
-usually glucose (big role)
-
-can be branched shapes
-
-important polymers of glucose:
-
glycogen, cellulose, starch, dextran, chitin
2.9 Compare and contrast the structure
and function of simple lipids, compound
lipids, and steroids.
-
Simple lipids:
-lots of hydrogen and carbon and some oxygen
-triglycerides--fats or oils composed of 3 fatty acids linked to a 3 carbon glycerol molecule
Compound lipids:
-contain fatty acids and glycerol as well as other elements besides carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
Steroids:
-lipids with a characteristic structure consisting of 4 connected rings
-structure is different from fats or phospholipids, but similar with being insoluble in water
-cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
2.10 Describe the factors that affect
protein structure and function.
-
polymer chains composed of a limited number of different amino acids (subunits)
-
-one or more long polypeptides
-
-peptide bonds hold amino acids together
-
-covalent bonds
-
-enzyme catalysis
-
-transport
-
-signal reception
-
-regulation
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10:54 E E O & b b M P t
N all 4%
To.Kingom
harsh environments.
cortains mostly single ccllcd, cukaryotic organisms that
17.Kingcom
generally Ive in water.
18.A naminy syslem crealed by Carolus Linnaeus in which every organism is gi ven a two-part
name is called
nomenclature.
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Some organisms that have been discovered are insignificant, so they have not been
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Organisms grouned into the same kingdom have more similarities wth one another
than with organisms in other kingdoms.
21.
being discovered all the time.
The six kingdoms of life are corstantly increasing in size because new species are
There are three main domains - Archaea, Bacteria, end Eukaryola.
22.
23.
Organisms are classified and placed into kingdoms bascd or thcir characteristics.
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There are 4 maln kingdoms of Ife - Pantae, Animalla, Protista, and Fungl.
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