Microbiology Chapter 1-3

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Dec 6, 2023

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Test on Feb.18 Friday Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes 1.1 Describe the key experiments of scientists who disproved spontaneous Generation. - Italian biologist and physician Francesco Redi - Demonstrated worms on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meat - Placed meat in two jars - Covered one jar with gauze - Gauze prevented flies from depositing eggs - No eggs →no worms - In 1749, John Needham demonstrated boiled broths still produced microorganisms - In 1776, Father Spallanzani contradicted Needham’s results - Boiled broths longer; sealed flasks by melting necks - Broths remained sterile unless the neck cracked 1. Explain how the successful challenge to the idea of spontaneous generation Assignment led to the Golden Age of Microbiology - the idea that microorganisms cause disease and understanding microorganisms and viral led to improvements in the human health and how genes can move into bacteria to lead to vaccines and anitbiotics . 1.3 Describe the scientific method, using Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment as an example. - different flasks were messed around with and there was no spontaneous generation arising from the broth being heated - 1.4 Explain why life could not exist without microorganisms. - normal microbiota and normal flora. prevents disease by competing with disease causing microbes. helps degrade foods that the body couldn't digest. promotes development of immune system. early exposure can lessen chances of allergies, asthma, brain chemistry, behavior, and weight gain 1.5 List three commercial benefits of Microorganisms. - waste treatment, food, and medicine
Test on Feb.18 Friday 1.6 Describe why microorganisms are useful research tools. - same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as higher life forms. composed of same chemical elements and synthesize all structure by similar mechanisms. duplicate DNA when they degrade food to harvest energy using metabolic pathways. bacteria grows rapidly and forms billions of cells per milliliter 1.7 Describe the role of microbes in disease, including examples of past triumphs and remaining challenges. -the germ theory of disease. the more people understood that microbes caused diseases the more cautious they were with hand washing, antibiotics, and vaccinations. past centuries were baby deliveries, small pox, plague, pneumonia, polio, and food and mouth disease. remaining is infections are in developing countries even with good health care systems 1.8 Compare and contrast characteristics of members of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. - Bacteria: cells do not contain a nucleus. Archaea: cells do not contain a nucleus; they have a different cell wall from bacteria. Eukarya: cells do contain a nucleus. 1.9 Explain how the scientific name of an the organism is written. - Binomial system of nomenclature, proposed by Carolus Linnaeus, is the most accepted system of scientific naming which is practiced currently. 1.10 Compare and contrast the algae, fungi, and protozoa. -Algae are plant-like organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular, and derive energy via photosynthesis. Protozoa are unicellular organisms with complex cell structures; most are motile. Microscopic fungi include molds and yeasts. Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms. 1.11 Compare and contrast viruses, viroids, and prions. -Viroids are smaller than viruses. Prions are smaller than the viroids. Viroids are composed of single strands of RNA. Prions are composed of only protein molecules. Viruses, viroids, and prions are all acellular structures i.e. non-living. They cannot reproduce on their own and are dependent on the host machinery to reproduce and continue their progeny Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Learning Outcomes
Test on Feb.18 Friday 2.1 Describe the general structure of an atom and its isotopes. -Each atom has a charged sub-structure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. 2.2 Describe the importance of valence Electrons. - They are important because they determine how an atom will react. By writing an electron configuration, You'll be able to see how many electrons occupy the highest energy level. 2.3 Compare and contrast ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. - In a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more electrons. Water is a polar molecule. A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between two oppositely partially charged sides of two or more molecules. In an ionic bond, an atom gives away one or more electrons to another atom 2.4 Explain the role of an enzyme in chemical reactions. - It speeds it up. 2.5. Describe the properties of water and explain why it is so important in biological Systems. - Water has many diverse properties which are important for hydrogen bonds and therefore important for biological systems - 2.6 Explain the concept of pH, and how the pH of a solution relates to its acidity. - pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water 2.7 Describe the role of buffers. - . It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable 2.8 Describe the characteristics of the different types of carbohydrates. - Monosaccharides: - -simple sugars - -basic unit of a carbohydrate
Test on Feb.18 Friday - -5 or 6 carbon atoms (form a ring) - -5 carbon--ribose, deoxyribose - -6 carbon--glucose - Disaccharides: - -2 monosaccharides - -joined by glucose and fructose in a covalent bond - -sucrose--table sugar - -dehydration synthesis - Polysaccharides: - -long chains of monosaccharides - -usually glucose (big role) - -can be branched shapes - -important polymers of glucose: - glycogen, cellulose, starch, dextran, chitin 2.9 Compare and contrast the structure and function of simple lipids, compound lipids, and steroids. - Simple lipids: -lots of hydrogen and carbon and some oxygen -triglycerides--fats or oils composed of 3 fatty acids linked to a 3 carbon glycerol molecule Compound lipids: -contain fatty acids and glycerol as well as other elements besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Steroids: -lipids with a characteristic structure consisting of 4 connected rings -structure is different from fats or phospholipids, but similar with being insoluble in water -cortisol, estrogen, testosterone 2.10 Describe the factors that affect protein structure and function. - polymer chains composed of a limited number of different amino acids (subunits) - -one or more long polypeptides - -peptide bonds hold amino acids together - -covalent bonds - -enzyme catalysis - -transport - -signal reception - -regulation
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