Exercise 5_Brachiopods Bryozoans-2

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exercise 5 – Brachiopods and Bryozoans Part I: Major groups of Brachiopods Brachiopod orders can be divided into three Subphyla: Linguliformea, Craniiformea and Rhynchonelliformea. Linguliformea https://skfb.ly/6QWuY Specimen #233 at your station, fossils on a piece of reddish siltstone Craniiformea (not represented as a specimen) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isocrania_costata_Sowerby_1823.jpg Rhynchonelliformea At your station you have four examples of articulated rhynchonelliform brachiopods and one disarticulated rhynchonelliform brachiopod. Animation of brachiopod opening and closing with lophophore: https://skfb.ly/6QWAE Pedicle Valve: https://skfb.ly/6QWAz You should examine the specimens at your station, identified specimens at the front of the lab, images from the Digital Atlas, and consult your textbook to answer the following questions: A. Which morphological characteristics allow you to distinguish linguliforms from rhynchonelliforms? -The main characteristic difference is the large pedicle coming from the linguliform, while the rhynchonelliform’s pedicle in encased in the shell B. What characteristics do craniiforms share with rhynchonelliforms? - Circular shaped shell C. What characteristics do craniiforms share with linguilforms? - Both do not have a pedicle hole for retracting D. Some brachiopods are infaunal and others are epifaunal. What morphological characteristics help you determine the life habit of a specimen? Explain your reasoning. - Infaunal lived attached to a substrate while Epifaunal live beneath the surface. The pedicle can help determine the life habit of the specimen, as they use the pedicle to either attach (Infaunal) or bury (Epifaunal)
Part II: Internal anatomy of a brachiopod A. On the diagram of a brachial valve (top) , label the hinge, cardinal process, tooth sockets, lophophore attachment (brachidium), and muscle scars. B. On the diagram of a pedicle valve (bottom), label the hinge, pedicle opening, teeth, and muscle scars. Include a scale. C. What features will you use to differentiate a pedicle value from a brachial valve? - Pedicle hole, fold, sulcus, commissure & plication D. Examine the disarticulated Rhynchonelliform brachiopod at your station. Do you have a pedicle or brachial valve? Mention the specimen number written on the valve in your answer. - #53 – Brachial Valve
Part III: Identifying the orders within Rhynchonelliformea At your station, you have four brachiopods to identify to order. You should be able to identify shell shape, pedicle type, and hinge type. For more information on these characters below, please see the slides posted to Canvas and/or https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/brachiopoda/brachiopoda-classification/ Strophic - having an elongated and well-defined hinge line parallel to the hinge axis. Pedicle Opening - aperture of slit from which the pedicle emerges. Some brachiopods do not have a functional pedicle and thus do not have any opening. Costae - radial ridges originating from the beak that are visible only on the valve exterior Plicae - radial ridges visible on both valve exterior and interior A. For each specimen, fill out the table below with its morphological features and identify it to order. Use the table above and the Digital Atlas to help you. Not all brachiopod orders are present . Adapted from McRoberts (1998) http://paleo .cortland.edu/tutorial/Brachiopods/brachclass.htm Specimen # (written on fossil) Order Shell Shape Pedicle Opening Hinge Other 095 Spiriferida Biconvex Triangular Strophic Wing-shaped 110 Productida Plan-concavo- convex Lost in adults Strophic Hollow spines 354 Arthyrida Biconvex Small Non-strophic Often costate 2318 Terebatulida Biconvex Circular Non-strophic Often smooth Order Shell Shape Pedicle Opening Hinge Other Atrypida Biconvex Small Non-strophic Often costate Orthida Unequally biconvex Triangular Strophic Diverging costae Pentamerida Biconvex Absent Non-strophic Medial septum Productida Plano-concavo-convex Lost in adults Strophic Hollow spines Rhynchonellida Biconvex Small Circular Non-strophic Strongly plicate Spiriferida Biconvex Triangular Strophic Wing-shaped Strophomenida Strongly concavo-convex Absent Strophic Thin-shelled Terebratulida Biconvex Circular Non-strophic Often Smooth
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