Exercise 5_Brachiopods Bryozoans-2
.docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Texas A&M University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
314
Subject
Biology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
8
Uploaded by AgentKnowledgeWolf20
Exercise 5 – Brachiopods and Bryozoans
Part I: Major groups of Brachiopods
Brachiopod orders can be divided into three Subphyla: Linguliformea, Craniiformea and Rhynchonelliformea.
Linguliformea https://skfb.ly/6QWuY
Specimen #233 at your station, fossils on a piece of reddish siltstone
Craniiformea (not represented as a specimen)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isocrania_costata_Sowerby_1823.jpg
Rhynchonelliformea
At your station you have four examples of articulated rhynchonelliform brachiopods and one disarticulated rhynchonelliform brachiopod. Animation of brachiopod opening and closing with lophophore: https://skfb.ly/6QWAE
Pedicle Valve: https://skfb.ly/6QWAz
You should examine the specimens at your station, identified specimens at the front of the lab, images from the Digital Atlas, and consult your textbook to answer the following questions:
A.
Which morphological characteristics allow you to distinguish linguliforms from rhynchonelliforms? -The main characteristic difference is the large pedicle coming from the linguliform, while the rhynchonelliform’s pedicle in encased in the shell
B. What characteristics do craniiforms share with rhynchonelliforms?
-
Circular shaped shell
C. What characteristics do craniiforms share with linguilforms?
-
Both do not have a pedicle hole for retracting
D. Some brachiopods are infaunal and others are epifaunal. What morphological characteristics help you determine the life habit of a specimen? Explain your reasoning.
- Infaunal lived attached to a substrate while Epifaunal live beneath the surface. The pedicle can help determine the life habit of the specimen, as they use the pedicle to either attach (Infaunal) or bury (Epifaunal)
Part II: Internal anatomy of a brachiopod
A.
On the diagram of a brachial valve (top)
, label the
hinge, cardinal process, tooth sockets, lophophore
attachment (brachidium), and muscle scars.
B.
On the diagram of a pedicle valve (bottom), label the hinge,
pedicle opening, teeth, and muscle scars. Include a scale.
C.
What features will you use to differentiate a pedicle value from a
brachial valve?
-
Pedicle hole, fold, sulcus, commissure & plication
D.
Examine the disarticulated Rhynchonelliform brachiopod at your station.
Do you have a pedicle or brachial valve? Mention the specimen number written on the valve in your answer.
-
#53 – Brachial Valve
Part III: Identifying the orders within Rhynchonelliformea At your station, you have four brachiopods to identify to order. You should be able to identify shell shape, pedicle type, and hinge type. For more information on these characters below, please see the slides posted to Canvas and/or https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/brachiopoda/brachiopoda-classification/
Strophic
- having an elongated and well-defined hinge line parallel to the hinge axis.
Pedicle Opening
- aperture of slit from which the pedicle emerges. Some brachiopods do not have a functional pedicle and thus do not have any opening.
Costae
- radial ridges originating from the beak that are visible only on the valve exterior
Plicae - radial ridges visible on both valve exterior and interior
A. For each specimen, fill out the table below with its morphological features and identify it to order. Use the table above
and the Digital Atlas to help you. Not all brachiopod orders are present
. Adapted from McRoberts (1998) http://paleo
.cortland.edu/tutorial/Brachiopods/brachclass.htm
Specimen #
(written on fossil)
Order
Shell Shape
Pedicle Opening
Hinge
Other
095
Spiriferida
Biconvex
Triangular
Strophic
Wing-shaped
110
Productida
Plan-concavo-
convex
Lost in adults
Strophic
Hollow spines
354
Arthyrida
Biconvex
Small
Non-strophic
Often costate
2318
Terebatulida
Biconvex
Circular
Non-strophic
Often smooth
Order
Shell Shape
Pedicle Opening
Hinge
Other
Atrypida
Biconvex
Small
Non-strophic
Often costate
Orthida
Unequally biconvex
Triangular
Strophic
Diverging costae
Pentamerida
Biconvex
Absent
Non-strophic
Medial septum
Productida
Plano-concavo-convex
Lost in adults
Strophic
Hollow spines
Rhynchonellida
Biconvex
Small Circular
Non-strophic
Strongly plicate
Spiriferida
Biconvex
Triangular
Strophic
Wing-shaped
Strophomenida
Strongly concavo-convex
Absent
Strophic
Thin-shelled
Terebratulida
Biconvex
Circular
Non-strophic
Often Smooth
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Related Questions
Activity 2 (10-15mins)
Drawing animal body plans to compare features: Draw a cross-sectional diagram comparing the
animals below labelling: tissues derived from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, as well as the
coelom.
(a) Acoelomate
(fatworms)
) Eucoelomate
(anelids,
() Pseudocoelomate
(roundworms)
Flatworm: Pseudobiceros bedtordi
Annelid: Glycera
Nematode: Heterodera glycines
arrow_forward
able 11.1. Comparison of some representative specimens of cnidarians.
Genera
Observable stage
(medusa, polyp or both)
Other distinctive characteristics
(solitary or colonial; symmetry; with or wlo deposits)
Acropora
Aurelia
Fungia
Hydra
Table 11.2. Comparison of the main body regions and appendages of arthropods.
Class
Body Regions
Attached appendages based on body regions
Diplopoda
Chilopoda
Insecta
Arachnida
XISMATER
arrow_forward
Q30: Match the all parts to this question, the answer choices are shown in the picture
arrow_forward
Briefly describe:A. cnidarian adaptations that illustrate their major evolutionary advancements past spongesB. the differences between cnidarians and ctenophores and why ctenophores are evolutionarily more advanced than cnidarians
arrow_forward
Question: All members of Chordata have true vertebrae.
True or False?
arrow_forward
Page <
3
of 7
4. Using forceps or tweezers, gently pull the 4th or 5th pereiopod to examine its motion. Do so
without tearing the appendage off from the body. How would you describe its maneuverability?
What are the limitations to motion of these walking legs? Given their small size and limited
capacity for muscle attachment, how is it that this animal can use these appendages for motion?
5. Describe the structural differences between the pleopods and the pereiopods up the prawn.
What hypothesis can you make regarding the functional use of pleopods by comparison?
Pleopods of prawns are far larger in comparison to body size then crayfish (see drawings below).
What might this tell you about their use between the two closely related animals?
6. Compare the overall body plan of the prawn to that of an insect like a grasshopper (see drawings
below). Provide a complete side-by-side analysis of the two groups that would include body
regions, and appendages. Focus your comparison on how the…
arrow_forward
Q33
arrow_forward
PLEASE HELP!!
arrow_forward
Question: Craniata includes animals within Chordata that have a skull.
True or False?
arrow_forward
EXERCISE 1 SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Work in a small group or alone to complete this exercise. (Remember to
underline scientific names when writing them by hand.)
For each of the following scientific names, identify what is wrong with the
way it is currently written. Then, provide the correct format.
Scientific Name
What Is Wrong?
Correct Format
Homo Sapiens
Pan paniscus
pan troglodytes
Complete the following chart by providing the appropriate abbreviation for
each of the scientific names.
Scientific Name
Homo habilis
Gorilla gorilla
Hylobates agilis
Homo neanderthalensis
Correct Abbreviation
Use the chart of abbreviations above to answer the following questions.
1. If you were writing about Homo habilis and Homo neanderthalensis at
the same time, would you need to change your abbreviations? Why or
why not? If you needed to change them, what would the new
abbreviations be?
arrow_forward
Question:-
1.How is morphology related to food collection in protobranch and lamellibranch subclasses of bivalves?
arrow_forward
Please do asap
arrow_forward
Please answer all three questions in the photo. Be detailed and accurate. Don’t use previous answers or versions. Do this completely and correctly please.
arrow_forward
Q33:
arrow_forward
please help im confused thank you a lot
arrow_forward
Sponges from the phylum Porifera ... [choose the incorrect response}
Question 29 options:
have an endoskeleton
exhibit rudimentary cephalisation
diverged from all other animals early in the history of animals
are filter feeders
arrow_forward
Clam
I need help with the following questions about Clam
When dissecting a clam, what functions of the parts are observed? What is the general feeding strategy of the clam, and how does the digestive system allow it to behave in that way? What is the nature of the circulatory system (open or closed) and is the clam acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or true coelomate? How does the clam reproduce, obtain oxygen, and get rid of waste?
arrow_forward
Label this correctly
arrow_forward
Q16, select all that apply
arrow_forward
z 2 (Lecture)- Requires Respondus Lock
1. Sep 21 at 1:08pm
z Instructions
Question 1
The asconoid sponges have the simplest type of water canal system.
O True
False
Question 2
Cnidarians are...
arrow_forward
Q24
arrow_forward
42.Ammonites are the dominant form of cephalopod in the Jurassic
Select one :
True
False
arrow_forward
rulong
Thyreophora
ttacosa
(ex. Triceratops)
Ornithopoda
Ceratopsidae
Sauropoda
(ex. Allosaurus)
Yutyrannus
Allosauroidea
(ex. Tyrannosaurus)
Oviraptorosauria
Deinonychosauria
(ex. Velociraptor)
Tyrannosauridae
Integument
´Ornithischia
Scales = 0
Maniraptora
Filaments = 1
Theropoda
Saurischia
Branched Filaments = 2
The tree above is a simplified version of the prevailing hypothesis of the relationships
between various dinosaurs and dinosaur groups. The legend on the bottom left
reflects three basic conditions that describe the character that pertains to body
covering (or integument). The conditions that pertain to the specific taxa at the top of
the tree are shown by the numbers.
Dinosauria
Trace the integument character along the tree (you may want draw it out on
a separate sheet of paper). Once you have done that step, consider the
ancestor of all dinsoaurs. What character condition did you get?
Crocodiles
Pterosauria
O (ex. Pteroda
O (ex. Stegosaurus)
Kul
indadromeus
Psaurus
(ex.…
arrow_forward
Give at least 10 exoskeletons found in animals, source, its description and state their embryonic origin. (Explain in 1-3 sentences) (Use the table)
arrow_forward
Please answer fast
arrow_forward
Q5
arrow_forward
00OO
Biology v
Q39
Hard calcium carbonate structures are
used as skeleton by:
Echinodermata
Arthropoda
Nematoda
Protochordata
Biology
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
90
arrow_forward
TRUE or FALSE: match the muscle tissue with the characteristics that best represent it
14. Plasmodium has chloroplasts and a flagellum.
15. Platyhelminthes are also known as flat worms.
16. Obelia and Hydra are both in the same class of organisms.
17. Class Cestoda have a large scolax with suckers and hooks.
arrow_forward
Weekly Activities: Using body diagrams to compare Protostomes, Deuterostomes, and phyla. You can
draw these and insert a picture of your drawing in this doc.
Comparing Protostomes and Deuterostomes: Biologists traditionally distinguish protostomes from
deuterostomes using developmental characteristics such as the embryonic development of the mouth
and coelom. Draw a diagram of coelom formation and the blastopore during embryonic development
protostome and deuterostome – labelling the differences in each. The differences between the two are
highlighted at the start of the chapter, but you might have to look to google to get inspiration for how to
represent these developmental differences via diagrams.
arrow_forward
Answer questions 7 and 12
arrow_forward
Q 4: What are the characteristics of each of the following classes of fish
Acanthodil:
Osteichthyes, Subclass Actinopterygii:
Osteichthyes, Subclass Sarcoptergil:
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781337408332
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781305073951
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Related Questions
- Activity 2 (10-15mins) Drawing animal body plans to compare features: Draw a cross-sectional diagram comparing the animals below labelling: tissues derived from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, as well as the coelom. (a) Acoelomate (fatworms) ) Eucoelomate (anelids, () Pseudocoelomate (roundworms) Flatworm: Pseudobiceros bedtordi Annelid: Glycera Nematode: Heterodera glycinesarrow_forwardable 11.1. Comparison of some representative specimens of cnidarians. Genera Observable stage (medusa, polyp or both) Other distinctive characteristics (solitary or colonial; symmetry; with or wlo deposits) Acropora Aurelia Fungia Hydra Table 11.2. Comparison of the main body regions and appendages of arthropods. Class Body Regions Attached appendages based on body regions Diplopoda Chilopoda Insecta Arachnida XISMATERarrow_forwardQ30: Match the all parts to this question, the answer choices are shown in the picturearrow_forward
- Briefly describe:A. cnidarian adaptations that illustrate their major evolutionary advancements past spongesB. the differences between cnidarians and ctenophores and why ctenophores are evolutionarily more advanced than cnidariansarrow_forwardQuestion: All members of Chordata have true vertebrae. True or False?arrow_forwardPage < 3 of 7 4. Using forceps or tweezers, gently pull the 4th or 5th pereiopod to examine its motion. Do so without tearing the appendage off from the body. How would you describe its maneuverability? What are the limitations to motion of these walking legs? Given their small size and limited capacity for muscle attachment, how is it that this animal can use these appendages for motion? 5. Describe the structural differences between the pleopods and the pereiopods up the prawn. What hypothesis can you make regarding the functional use of pleopods by comparison? Pleopods of prawns are far larger in comparison to body size then crayfish (see drawings below). What might this tell you about their use between the two closely related animals? 6. Compare the overall body plan of the prawn to that of an insect like a grasshopper (see drawings below). Provide a complete side-by-side analysis of the two groups that would include body regions, and appendages. Focus your comparison on how the…arrow_forward
- EXERCISE 1 SCIENTIFIC NAMES Work in a small group or alone to complete this exercise. (Remember to underline scientific names when writing them by hand.) For each of the following scientific names, identify what is wrong with the way it is currently written. Then, provide the correct format. Scientific Name What Is Wrong? Correct Format Homo Sapiens Pan paniscus pan troglodytes Complete the following chart by providing the appropriate abbreviation for each of the scientific names. Scientific Name Homo habilis Gorilla gorilla Hylobates agilis Homo neanderthalensis Correct Abbreviation Use the chart of abbreviations above to answer the following questions. 1. If you were writing about Homo habilis and Homo neanderthalensis at the same time, would you need to change your abbreviations? Why or why not? If you needed to change them, what would the new abbreviations be?arrow_forwardQuestion:- 1.How is morphology related to food collection in protobranch and lamellibranch subclasses of bivalves?arrow_forwardPlease do asaparrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781337408332Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781305073951Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781337408332
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781305073951
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning