Exercise 6_Molluscs I-2

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exercise 6 – Mollusca Part I Diversity of Bivalves Two important features for classifying bivalves into higher taxonomic groups are shell mineralogy and the type of hinge dentition. See Clarkson Figure 8.10 and associated text for descriptions of each hinge type (choose from: desmodont, dysodont, heterodont, isodont, schizodont, taxodont ). A. Specimen 156 - What type of hinge does this this specimen have? B. Specimen 163 - What type of hinge does this specimen have? C. Specimen 188 or 461 (oyster) - What type of hinge does this specimen have? D. Specimen 10836 - What type of hinge does this specimen have? E. Specimen 10871 or 3B (mussel) - What type of hinge does this specimen have? F. Specimen in photo - What type of hinge does this specimen have? F2. What is the function of the chondrophore?
Morphology of a bivalve shell For each specimen label the anterior side, posterior side, muscle scars, pallial sinus, pallial line, umbo, ligament, teeth and sockets. Note if any specimens do not have a specified feature. A. Family Veneridae (Examine the large bivalve – same specimen as in Lab 2). B. Family (Mytilidae – Same specimen as in 1E). C. Family (Ostreidae – Same specimen as in 1C) D. Describe, in words, at least TWO morphological features that allow you to distinguish each family from the others.
Part II: Functional Morphology of Bivalves Examine the TWO bivalves in the medium tray marked with a tag and fill out the questionnaires on the next two pages. Use your answers to infer the life habit of each specimen. Consult Clarkson pages 152-157 (Bivalve Functional Morphology and Ecology) and the information below to interpret the life habits of these bivalves using their morphology. [If you run out of time in lab, you may use the links posted on Canvas for remote work.] Possible life habits to consider: Deep-infaunal Shallow-infaunal Free-living epifaunal Cementing epifaunal Attached (by a byssus) epifaunal Hard-substrate boring Epifaunal and capable of swimming The length of the pallial sinus is an indicator of the presence/absence of siphons and, when present, the length of the siphons indicates how deep the bivalve can burrow. Very shallow burrowers and epifaunal bivalves do not have a pallial sinus (=no siphons). Deep burrowers often have thin, elongate shells for fast burrowing. Shallow burrowers often have thicker, less elongate shells with concentric ridges that help grip the sediment as the bivalve rocks back and forth to burrow. A scallop with acute umbonal angle and byssal notch indicates is attached by a byssus; a scallop with an obtuse umbonal angle is free swimming (see below). Irregularly shaped valves, or ones with a flat scar on one valve, indicate cemented bivalves. Epifaunal and shallow burrowing bivalves will not have a gape, but deep infaunal and hard- substrate boring bivalves can have a gape because they are otherwise protected from predation and do not have to rely solely on closing the vales. Hard substrate borers often have a “rasping” end with strong ribs at one end of the shell.
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