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Show the structure of a DNA where the lead strand is ATCG. Show H-, glycosidic, phosphoester bondings.4. Differentiate replication, transcription and translation by describing the changes which occur in each process.

DNA strand below: 3’ T A C A T G C C G A A T G C C 5’  Discuss how will replication happen by mentioning the enzyme needed then transcribe to form mRNA. Discuss what will happen to mRNA, then translate, mentioning the anticodon to be used. Look at the genetic code to know what amino acid will become part of the polypeptide chain. 1.

1. Determine what amino acid will be formed from the given  DNA strand below:                          3’   T   A  C   A   T   G   C   C   G   A   A   T   G   C   C   5’   2. how will replication happen by mentioning the enzyme needed then transcribe to form mRNA.  3.  Discuss what will happen to mRNA, then translate, mentioning the anticodon to be used 4. Look at the genetic code to know what amino acid will become part of the polypeptide chain.

During the synthesis of a DNA molecule, nucleotides are added sequentially to the growing DNA molecule via bonds between the previously added nucleotide and the next nucleotide. The figure below illustrates a partial strand of a DNA molecule. W, X, Y, and Z denote differ- ent chemical bonds on the DNA strand. 5' end OH 0-P-0 A W B X с o Y 0 3' end The molecular structure of a DNA strand D Z OP 0 0X CH, -0- Which of the four labeled bonds was last to form during DNA synthesis? W CH, OH

Match Column A  (Description) with Column B (protein/enzyme).                                                                                                         unwinds the double helix of DNA in replication                                                                                                         makes a short section of RNA to act as a primer                                                                                                         links separate stretches of DNA                                                                                                         stabilizes the unwinding of the helix                                                                                                         relieves the tension in the double stranded DNA (dsDNA)                                                                                                         facilitate the switching on of genes…

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(3) A DNA strand is 5' TAC ACG GTC TAA3' Write the RNA strand that could be made from the DNA strand. Indicate the 5' and 3' ends

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the retrovirus that causes AIDS. AZT was one of the first drugs designed to interfere with retroviral DNA synthesis. When cells take up AZT, they convert it to AZT-triphosphate. Explain how AZT interferes with DNA synthesis.

Illustrate some steps involved in DNA replication :Suppose the following base sequence was found in a segment of one strand of a DNA molecule: 3’ A-A-T-A-C-C-T-C-C-T-A-A-C-T 5’ What would be the bases in the complementary strand? Label the 3’ and the 5’ ends. Illustrate the DNA molecule below. Label the 3’ and the 5’ ends of both strands. Separate the above DNA molecule up to the seventh base. Add one primer for the leading strand complementary to the first base Adenine of the template strand. Add one primer for the lagging strand complementary to the seventh base Adenine of the template strand. Illustrate the DNA molecule. Label the 3’ and 5’ ends. Elongate the new strands up the seventh base by adding DNA bases complementary to the template strand. Illustrate the resulting DNA molecule. Label the 3’ and the 5’ ends of the template strands and the complementary strands. Elongate the new strands up the seventh base by adding DNA bases complementary to the template strand. Illustrate…

State one difference between DNA and RNA. How do the processes of transcription and translation differ?

Examine the 5'- 3 sequence of bases of the DNA molecules (A D) shown below. I am only showing you the 5 - 3' strand of each molecule, but you can imagine the complementary 3' - 5' strand for each molecule. Which double-stranded molecule is held together by 10 hydrogen bonds? O AAAT O ATAG O TGTC O GCGA

Reproduction of DNA Before DNA can copy itself the cell must make lots of extra A, T, G, and C. Then the DNA unzips between the two bases and adds nucleotides to each side of the unzipped DNA molecule. Original DNA Splits Open Adds New Nucleotides A- T-A= C-G T-A= -A= C-G= -%3D FA- -T Now, two DNA molecules exist where there was only one before. TION 1. Finish unzipping the DNA molecule pictured above, and draw the completed picture of the two “new" DNA molecules in the left margin. Use the same DNA sequences as the example above. 2. What are the two "new" DNA molecules built from? Explain. 3. Are the two "new" DNA molecules identical to the "original" DNA molecule? る。 TCAC TCAA UUUU UUD AÜ-C ACTT CGA JUUUO UDOUU

Which statement most accurately describes the ‘backbone’ of DNA? Group of answer choices The DNA strand is wound up around histone groups which gives the backbone structure to the chromosome The sugar group from a nucleotide is connected to the next sugar group via a phosphate group The hydrogen bonds between nucleotides are quite strong and provide structure to DNA. Adenine and Thymine, and Guanine and Cytosine are linked together

Why are nucleobases in nucleic acids called "bases"?   1. Because they resemble baseball bases   2. They are fundamental to "hodling up" the DNA structure (like the base of a building holds up the rest of the building)   3. They are the "command center" of the cell. Like the "base" of operations for armed forces in a war.   4. They are hydrogen ion acceptors, like other chemical bases

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA? * DNA is a single strand, but RNA is a double strand DNA has uracil, but RNA has Thymine DNA has to stay inside the nucleus, but RNA can travel DNA has a ribose sugar, RNA has a deoxyribose sugar Lenovo 女 esc # 2$ 8. 4 1 y u i e r tab a g V shift alt ctri tri alt

The final steps of DNA synthesis involve the removal and replacement of primers with DNA, and the formation of the final phosphodiester bonds of the backbone which join all the fragments into one unbroken strand of DNA.  True or false?

Replication of DNA requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis because DNA polymerase can add new nucleotides: * O only in short fragments only to a base-paired nucleotide O only in the 3' end only in the 5'- to -3' direction O only to an RNA chain

Determine what amino acid will be formed from the given DNA strand below:                          3’   T   A  C       A   T   G         C   C   G   5’ 1.  Partner DNA strand 2.  the mRNA strand 3.  the tRNA  4.  the formed amino acids

ACTIVITY 2: Protein Synthesis 1 2. 4. DNA: 5. 3' A G C C GTA GA ATT 3. Carefully indicate the codons present in the mRNA strand from question 2. 5' Using this strand of DNA as a template, DRAW A PICTURE of the complete DNA molecule. Include ALL parts of the DNA molecule. You do not need to draw your molecule with atomic accuracy. Now draw a complete picture of the mRNA strand that will be made from this DNA. Label the 5' and 3' ends of your mRNA strand. (Use the given DNA strand at the top of this page as your template...) Draw a COMPLETE picture of all the tRNA molecules that will match up with the codons from the previous question. Include ALL APPROPRIATE amino acids in your picture, and do not mix up their order! Draw a picture of the completed protein coded for by this strand of DNA (abbreviations are fine). Show the amino acids in the same order they would be observed in the finished protein.

The diagram shows the structure of DNA with complementary base pairing between strands. Bood 3' CG AT ౦ార G C CG CG 3' 5 What is the benefit of this complementary nature of DNA? O It helps in controlling the amount of protein produced by the cells. O It helps in storing all the information required for the cell to function efficiently. It helps in the synthesizing of two new identical DNA strands from each parent strand O It helps in the unwinding of DNA allowing for the formation of chromosomes during mitosis

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, how are the sequences of each strand related to each other? The sequences are identical. The sequences are identical except that one strand nas a U where the other strand has a T. The sequences are the reverse compliment of eadh other and use the nucleotides, A, G. U, and C only. The sequences are the reverse complement of each other

Going from simple to complex, which of the following is theproper order for the structure of DNA?a. Nucleotide, double helix, DNA strand, chromosomeb. Nucleotide, chromosome, double helix, DNA strandc. Nucleotide, DNA strand, double helix, chromosomed. Chromosome, nucleotide, DNA strand, double helix

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Match each of the following aspects of DNA with the main structural feature which makes it possible. You may use each match more than once (or not at all). Proteins can "read" the DNA without separating the two strands. DNA is resistant to hydrolysis. DNA can be repaired. DNA can self-replicate. 1. DNA does not have a 2' hydroxyl. The two strands in the double helix are complementary. 3. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. 4. B-DNA has a "major groove". 2.

Which of the following statements about RNA is/are incorrect? I. RNA strand synthesis does not occur during replication. II. All RNA strands produced during transcription are translated into proteins. III. RNA strands are composed of 10 nucleotide bases per turn. IV. RNA strands can pair with a DNA strand. V. RNA may be synthesized in the 5'-3' orientation and vice-versa (3'-5') depending on the orientation of the template DNA strand O I, II, and IV O I, II, III, IV, and V O II, IV and V O II, IV and V OI, II, III and V O Il and III

Which of the following statements is correct A Adenine and cytosine are pyrimidines Adenine and guanine are both purines. Adenine is a purine and uridine is a pyrimidine D Thymidine is a pyrimidine

Which of the following is true about DNA ? * Two DNA strands are twisted around each other to form an anti-parallel double helix Adenine pairs with thymine though 2 hydrogen bonds (A=T) Guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds (GEC). O All of them

If a cell were damaged, & DNA ligase could no longer be produced, how would replication be affected?

DNA Replication