BMEG 310 Homework 4

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West Virginia University *

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310

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Biology

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Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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4

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BMEG 310 Biomedical Imaging Homework 4 – Due Thursday, March 7 th before 11:59PM EST Madison Paris 1. Since confocal fluorescence microscopy is very photon starved, it is important to get objectives that are bright. a. Let’s assume you have a 4x objective with an NA of 0.6. Calculate the NA that a 10x, 50x, and 60x objective would need to have to be as bright as this 4x. Show your work. 𝐼?𝑎𝑔? ??𝑖𝑔ℎ????? = ?? 4 ? 2 = 0.6 4 4 2 = 0. 0081 For 10X: 0. 0081 = ?? 4 10 2 ?? 4 = 0. 81 ?? = 0. 948 For 50X: 0. 0081 = ?? 4 50 2 ?? 4 = 20. 25 ?? = 2. 12 For 60X: 0. 0081 = ?? 4 60 2 ?? 4 = 29. 16 ?? = 2. 32 b. What spatial resolution can be achieved with a 0.7 NA objective for detection of blue, green and red fluorescent light? Show your work. ??𝑎?𝑖𝑎? ???????𝑖?? (? 0 ) = 0.61λ ?? Blue: ? 0 = 0.61(0.450 µ?) 0.7 = 0. 392 µ? Green: ? 0 = 0.61(0.540 µ?) 0.7 = 0. 471 µ? Red: ? 0 = 0.61(0.700 µ?) 0.7 = 0. 61 µ? c. Draw the relative point spread functions for blue, green and red emitted fluorescent light using the 0.7 NA objective calculations in b (you can draw your PSF similar to the super resolution PSFs).
2. To determine the extent of injury to the esophagus, tissue is harvested from the patient’s esophagus using an endoscope. The collected tissue is fixed, sectioned, and dyed with a classical histology stain shown below. One esophageal section is from a normal patient and the other esophageal section is from a patient with Barrett’s esophagus. Answer the following questions below: a. What common histological stains were used? How can you tell? Hematoxylin and Eosin histological stains were used. The Hematoxylin stain can be seen as dark blue or violet in color in both images. The Eosin stain can be seen as pink or red in color in both images. b. Describe how each stain achieves its effect to highlight different types of cellular components. The Hematoxylin stain (dark blue/violet) is basic and positive, and binds to acidic and negatively charged DNA or RNA structures which makes them visible. The Eosin stain (pink/red) is acidic and negative, and binds to positively charged amino acid chains in proteins. c. Explain what causes Barrett’s esophagus and why the disease can be dangerous to the patient. Barrett’s esophagus results from prolonged exposure to stomach acid. Stomach acid will flow backward into the esophagus and cause irritation. This frequent acid exposure causes the cells in your esophagus to become inflamed and damaged. Barrett's esophagus is commonly linked to the development of esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is typically aggressive and diagnosed in the advanced stages, which ultimately limits treatment options. d. These sections below show what the wall of the esophagus looks like in both patients. Which patient (A) or (B) do you think is normal and which do you think has Barrett’s esophagus? State your reasoning by explaining what differences you see in the staining and tissue structure. Image A shows the patient with Barrett’s esophagus. This image shows a lot of dark blue/purple color indicating more immune cells are present in that area. The nuclei (purple) of the immune cells present in the esophagus can easily be seen. Image B shows cells of the esophagus of a normal patient. This image shows an esophagus that has minimal immune cells, indicating there is no infection or bacteria that the body is attempting to fight off. 3. Cells were imaged using brightfield imaging, phase contrast microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. a. Which images correspond to brightfield, phase contrast microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy? State your reasoning for each. Image A corresponds to phase contrast microscopy. This image has a bright glow surrounding the cells. Image B corresponds to differential interface contrast microscopy. In this image, the cells pop out of the page producing a 3D effect and the texture of the cells can be seen. Image C corresponds to brightfield microscopy. In this image, the cells are the most difficult to see. b. What are the main advantages and disadvantages for phase contrast microscopy and DIC? Phase contrast microscopy allows for enhanced contrast and the analysis of living cells without the need for staining. Main disadvantages include the requirement of thin specimens and the production of the glow halo around the cells. Differential interface contrast microscopy (DIC) also allows for the analysis of living cells without the need for staining and can be used to image thick specimens. This process produces no halo effect and there is no restriction of the light aperture. Although, there is additional equipment required so it is more costly and attempting to image through plastic is more challenging.
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