Study Guide for Exam 4

.docx

School

Arizona State University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

320

Subject

Biology

Date

Apr 3, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

3

Uploaded by ChiefRose13619

Report
Bio 320: Study Guide for Exam 4 1. Define and explain each type of interaction between species, including competition, herbivory, mutualism, predation, and parasitism. Competition: A relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place. Intraspecific Competition: Competition among individuals of the same species. Interspecific Competition: Competition among individuals of different species. Herbivory: The consumption of plant material by animals. Mutualism: Association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits. Predation: One organism kills and eats another organism. Parasitism: Relationship between two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other. 2. For each type of ecological interaction, defend the position that this interaction (i) increases diversity, (ii) decreases diversity, or (iii) increases or decreases diversity depending on the situation. Competition can both increase or decrease diversity depending on the situation. It causes a reduction in the number of species living within an area which prevents very similar species from co-occurring. On the other hand, one species can outcompete another which leads to a decrease in the latter’s population size or even its extinction (competitive exclusion). Herbivory decreases diversity because it decreases the less-tolerant species’ existence which accelerate the plant’s extinction. Mutualism increases biodiversity by allowing species to survive with the help of other species where they otherwise would not. Predation can increase diversity in communities by preying on competitive dominant species or by reducing consumer pressure on foundation species. Parasitism can either increase or decrease diversity depending on the situation by reducing host abundance. Parasites could also increase trait diversity trait diversity by suppressing dominant species or by increasing within host trait diversity. 3. Use Liebig’s Law of the Minimum to explain how resources limit the growth of a population.
Bio 320: Study Guide for Exam 4 This law states that in environments where multiple nutrients/resources are in low concentrations, the most limiting of these will determine the population density of the organism. Therefore, a population will increase until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further. 4. Use a mathematical or graphical model to predict the outcome of competition between species. (i) Logistic Growth Equation: dN dt = rN ( 1 N K ) (ii) Logistic Equation with a Second Species: d N 1 dt = r 1 N 1 ( 1 N 1 + α N 2 K 1 ) & d N 2 dt = r 2 N 2 ( 1 N 2 + β N 1 K 2 ) 5. Identify the members of a food web, including primary producers, primary consumer, secondary consumers, etc. 6. Predict the effect of changing the density of a species on other species in a food chain or food web. 7. Distinguish between different types of mutualistic relationships, including specialized vs generalized and obligate vs facultative. Generalists: One species interacts with many other species. Specialists: One species interacts with either one other species or a small number of closely related species. Obligate Mutualists: When two species provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist. Facultative Mutualists: Provide fitness benefits to each other but the interaction is not critical to the persistence of either species. 8. Explain how interactions between predators and prey can result in cycles of population size. Lack of food resources decreases predator abundance and the lack of predation pressure allows prey populations to rebound. 9. Given a photo of two species interacting, identify the type of interaction and its direct effect on each species. 10. Use data on the distributions of species in a community to determine whether these species are independent or inter-dependent. Interdependent: Those in which species depend in each other to exist. Independent: Those in which the species do not depend on each other to exist.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help