WEEK 2 DB POSTS
.docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
American Public University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
PCN535
Subject
Biology
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
3
Uploaded by CorporalHeat252
Topic 2 DQ 1 (Obj. 2.2 and 2.3)
What is meant by the neurochemistry [PB 5Aof a drug? Identify one neurotransmitter and describe its physiological function in the human brain.
The study of the chemical substances and processes involved in the nervous system,
particularly the interaction of pharmaceuticals with neurotransmitters and receptors in
the brain and how these interactions influence behavior and brain function, is referred
to as drug neurochemistry.
Neurochemistry is the study of how drugs interact with or affect the activity of neurons
in the brain (Levinthal, 2016). To help determine the outcome, seven key
neurotransmitters can be targeted. The seven chemicals are Acetylcholine,
norepinephrine, glutamate, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, dopamine,
and endorphins. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has physiological effects on the
brain. Serotonin is mostly found in the pons, medulla, limbic system, and cortex
(Levinthal, 2016). Among other physiological effects on the brain, serotonin controls
sleep and establishes mood levels (Levinthal, 2016). Serotonin levels in the brain that
are too low might lead to depression, anxiety, and sleep issues. People who have
these symptoms are frequently given an SSRI, or selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor (Hensler, 2006). SSRIs are one of the antidepressant types that are currently
most often administered. SSRIs block serotonin reabsorption and increase the amount
of active serotonin in the brain (Hensler, 2006). This allows serotonin to accumulate
between neurons, enabling correct message transmission and lifting the user's mood
(Hensler, 2006).
Hensler, J. (2006). Serotonin. In Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and
Medical Aspects (7th ed., pp. 227-250). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Levinthal, C. (2016). Drugs, behavior, and modern society (8th ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Publishing ISBN-13: 9780134003047
Wk 2 DQ 2 Describe the so-called “brain reward pathway” and explain its importance to
understanding the effects of drug-seeking behavior. Provide an example to
support your description. Abuse of substances has a substantial effect on the brain's reward pathway or system.
Numerous neurons that make up this circuit release chemicals when triggered. These
neurotransmitters are released, which results in people feeling happy. Two examples of
survival activities include eating and having sexual relations. Any activity that opens this
channel makes people feel happy. This is best demonstrated by sexual engagement,
which unleashes a barrage of hormones that open this pathway and provide feelings of
general well-being (Koob & Nestler 1997). As a result, by rewarding actions that are
essential for survival, the brain reward system helps. People who abuse alcohol or
drugs also promote this path. People who overuse drugs therefore experience
pleasurable emotions, or a "high." Repeated use of these substances has the potential
to become the norm, motivating an urge to prioritize substance use over all other
adaptive survival strategies. As a result, the impact of substance use or abuse on this
pathway can help to explain some aspects of "addiction," which can result in increased
use or abuse as well as drug-seeking behaviors (Koob & Nestler 1997). This is known
as the "disease concept of addiction." The mesolimbic pathway, often known as the "brain reward pathway," is a sophisticated
neuronal circuit in the brain that is essential for the enjoyment, reinforcement, and
motivation of experiences. The effects of drug-seeking behavior and addiction must be
understood to fully appreciate this pathway. The mechanisms behind drug-seeking
behavior, addiction, and possible targets for therapeutic interventions targeted at ending
the cycle of addiction and fostering recovery can be better understood by having a
thorough understanding of the brain reward circuit.
Koob, G.; Nestler, E. The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction. The Journal of
Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1997; 9:482-49
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Related Questions
Question in the picture
arrow_forward
What is an example of two drugs that produce a synergistic (also known as
hyperadditive) effect? What is the concern about drugs that have synergistic effects?
Note: you can describe the classes of drugs rather than using specific drug names.
arrow_forward
10:22 O E O
T
Save
Uncategonzed
Title
Clinical Pharmacy activities:
OAim at promoting the correct and / O
appropriate use of medicinal products and
devices by patients
OInclude the practice of drug O utilization
evaluation by pharmacists in physicians
clinics
OAre basically limited to activities
implemented in a hospital setting by a
hospital pharmacist
OIncorporate a new discipline in pharmacy
practice in which the emphasis is
transferred from patients oriented to
products oriented practice
Aim at expanding physician's role to
include patient instruction on proper drug
use
= AI ▼ E' I B
II
arrow_forward
Most commonly available Non-prescription Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) medications:
Brand Name of the
Drug
Name of the Drug
Dosage
Potential Side Effects
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
arrow_forward
Some drug actions depend upon interactions with specific ion channels. This discussion is asking you to address the
different types of sodium and potassium channels. Include a discussion of hoe different specific types of channels
might affect neurotransmitter function.
arrow_forward
The metabolism of drugs is meant for the inactivation of most of the drugs Explain.
(Subject: pharmacology)
arrow_forward
An account of the following topic:
(i)
Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design;
arrow_forward
Which types of interactions can occur when multiple drugs are taken?
(Subject: Pharmacology)
arrow_forward
#####4###
Classify anti-adrenergic drugs and discuss its mechanism of action, pharmacological effects and clinical indications in detail.
arrow_forward
Select ready-made drugs in different dosage forms from the variety of drugs and classify them according to all classification signs (Annex 1).
Write down the results into table 1.
Ready-made drugs classification results
No Name of ready-
made drug
By the
By the
By the
applica-tion toxicity
By physical By dates of By state of
and chemical expira-tion aggregation and
pharmaco-
logical activity method
properties
dosage form
Example
Norfloxacine
Antimicro-bial For internal General list Require light-
Solid (tablets)
Storage
period is 3
agent
use
protection
years
1
2
3
4
5
Classification
arrow_forward
Discuss the structures any synthetic drug should initially pass through before acting on the central nervous system Elaborate the physiological processes involved and the necessity of these anatomical structures.
arrow_forward
For quinidine List the major adverse drug-drug interactions and drug-food interactions that clients need to be made aware of.
arrow_forward
Most commonly available Non-prescription Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) medications:
Name of the Drug
Brand Name of the
Dosage
Potential Side Effects
Drug
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
arrow_forward
Pharmacology in Nursing
arrow_forward
What is pharmacology, drug metabolism, and toxicology? (own words)
arrow_forward
Name at least five requirements for a drug to exert its biologic action
arrow_forward
1.) How can these physiological factors listed below affect drug effects? Explain each.
- diurnal rhythm
- acid-base balance
- hydration
- electrolyte balance
arrow_forward
Is the following statement true or false and explain why: The therapeutic index is a measure of how well a drug acts to relieve a medical condition.
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Essentials Health Info Management Principles/Prac...
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9780357191651
Author:Bowie
Publisher:Cengage
Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions
Nursing
ISBN:9781305441620
Author:WOODROW
Publisher:Cengage
Related Questions
- Question in the picturearrow_forwardWhat is an example of two drugs that produce a synergistic (also known as hyperadditive) effect? What is the concern about drugs that have synergistic effects? Note: you can describe the classes of drugs rather than using specific drug names.arrow_forward10:22 O E O T Save Uncategonzed Title Clinical Pharmacy activities: OAim at promoting the correct and / O appropriate use of medicinal products and devices by patients OInclude the practice of drug O utilization evaluation by pharmacists in physicians clinics OAre basically limited to activities implemented in a hospital setting by a hospital pharmacist OIncorporate a new discipline in pharmacy practice in which the emphasis is transferred from patients oriented to products oriented practice Aim at expanding physician's role to include patient instruction on proper drug use = AI ▼ E' I B IIarrow_forward
- Most commonly available Non-prescription Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) medications: Brand Name of the Drug Name of the Drug Dosage Potential Side Effects 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.arrow_forwardSome drug actions depend upon interactions with specific ion channels. This discussion is asking you to address the different types of sodium and potassium channels. Include a discussion of hoe different specific types of channels might affect neurotransmitter function.arrow_forwardThe metabolism of drugs is meant for the inactivation of most of the drugs Explain. (Subject: pharmacology)arrow_forward
- An account of the following topic: (i) Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design;arrow_forwardWhich types of interactions can occur when multiple drugs are taken? (Subject: Pharmacology)arrow_forward#####4### Classify anti-adrenergic drugs and discuss its mechanism of action, pharmacological effects and clinical indications in detail.arrow_forward
- Select ready-made drugs in different dosage forms from the variety of drugs and classify them according to all classification signs (Annex 1). Write down the results into table 1. Ready-made drugs classification results No Name of ready- made drug By the By the By the applica-tion toxicity By physical By dates of By state of and chemical expira-tion aggregation and pharmaco- logical activity method properties dosage form Example Norfloxacine Antimicro-bial For internal General list Require light- Solid (tablets) Storage period is 3 agent use protection years 1 2 3 4 5 Classificationarrow_forwardDiscuss the structures any synthetic drug should initially pass through before acting on the central nervous system Elaborate the physiological processes involved and the necessity of these anatomical structures.arrow_forwardFor quinidine List the major adverse drug-drug interactions and drug-food interactions that clients need to be made aware of.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Essentials Health Info Management Principles/Prac...Health & NutritionISBN:9780357191651Author:BowiePublisher:Cengage
- Essentials of Pharmacology for Health ProfessionsNursingISBN:9781305441620Author:WOODROWPublisher:Cengage
Essentials Health Info Management Principles/Prac...
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9780357191651
Author:Bowie
Publisher:Cengage
Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions
Nursing
ISBN:9781305441620
Author:WOODROW
Publisher:Cengage