FINAL_LABS_BIOS255_Labs_BIOS_255_Week_5_Immune_System CT

Q2: Give an overview of the key features, cells and molecules associated with an acute inflammatory immune response.

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Application: Innate immunity and adaptive immunity   Instruction: answer the questions: COVID-19, Hepatitis B virus, HPV, Measles virus, Cholera, Tetanus Clostridium tetani, or from other vaccine-preventable diseases.   1. What natural defenses do you have against this infection?   2. What role does your adaptive immunity play in helping and protecting you against it? Give a brief lab report.

Case Study Analysis 4.2 Explain natural/acquired immunity and active/passive immunity 4.3 Explain the basis of immunisation and evaluate its efficacy in a range of contexts 4.4 Explain essential differences between humoral and cellular responses as shown by B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes For each of the scenarios below state whether the immunity gained is active or passive, and natural or acquired. Justify your answer and explain how immunity is gained in each scenario. Where relevant use data and image to support your explanation. Make sure your explanations meet all the above criteria (AC 4.2, 4.3, 4.4). Case study 1: Julia has a new baby and has received the vaccination schedule from the GP which includes the MMR. Julia is nervous about giving her new infant the vaccination as it makes use of attenuated forms of the three viruses and asks the GP whether it is essential. Explain to Julia why the MMR is important and evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine. ​with references

Q1. Assessment .    Most normal tissues contain resident macrophages, and connective tissue sites in the gastrointestinal tract and the lung contain large numbers of these cells. Yet the blood also contains a high number of circulating ‘classical’ monocytes that can differentiate into macrophages after entering tissues. These circulating monocytes function to: Phagocytose and kill pathogens in the blood Line the endothelial surfaces of the blood vessels with phagocytic cells Enter lymph nodes and patrol for infecting microbes in these organs Amplify the local innate immune response by entering tissues that are infected Differentiate into dendritic cells during an inflammatory response. Chose.

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Evaluate I. Identification 1. It is the largest lymphatic organ and destroys worn-out RBCs. 2. They reabsorb fats in the intestines. 3. These are lymphocytes that have migrated to the thymus. 4. These are chemical mediators found in tears that directly kill some bacteria. 5. It is an overstated immune response to substances that are usually not damaging.

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Qs 23

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a. Define epitope; compare polyclonal antibodies to monoclonal antibodies. b. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a particular antigen. c. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a particular antibody.

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Discuss 4 Innate body defenses against pathogens.

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Q#1: Immunodeficiency can occur in any of the four major components of the immune system: B cells (antibody), T cells, complement, and phagocytes. Give two examples of immunodeficiencies in which one or two components were missing/abnormally produced? Give the reason behind it? Also write down the symptoms and suggest treatment for the patient?

PRACTICE EVALUATING CLAIMS Social media posts reveal that not everyone agrees on or accepts the important role of herd immunity, as strongly stated in the blog post below. The fact is that CDC works for big pharma/special interests not public safety as the CDC whistle blower documents prove. The fact is that this is about money not public safety. The fact is that some of these vaccines have little benefit/effectiveness and serious risks. The fact is real natural immunity and vaccine derived immunity are not the same thing at all and our babies would be protected from many/most infectious diseases if their mothers were allowed to have natural immunity and pass it to their babies in breast milk, and we had true herd immunity through adults who had lifelong natural immunity. The fact is vaccine induced immunity typically does not hold for long and often misses the target, and the neurotoxins and foreign ingredients/DNA, etc. are causing a generation of allergic/arthritic/immune system…

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Discuss innate immunity in details regarding leukocytes,antimicrobial proteins, inflammation  and fever.

CAN YOU PLEASE EXPLAIN IT IN A EASY WAY??.    Describe the structure of viruses/ how they replicate. Include how the genome of the virus could affect replication. Explain 5 key changes to bacterial structure/function that can occur in bacteria that allow them to become resistant to antibiotics. Describe the processes involved in the induction of T-cell responses to 1) exogenous and 2) endogenous antigens.

List 3 types of Auto Immune Disorders and 3 Types of Lymphomas Discuss the history, Causes, Types, Signs and Symptoms, suggested treatment options and remedies for each type.

Application: Innate immunity and adaptive immunity from the following options: COVID-19, Hepatitis B virus, HPV, Measles virus, Cholera, Tetanus Clostridium tetani, or from other vaccine-preventable diseases.   1. What natural defenses do you have against this infection?

Explain the meaning of an immune response. List two general components of the immune system. Discuss the role of T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes. Differentiate between an antigen and an antibody. Name examples of lymphoid tissue. List some cells and chemicals that enhance the function of the immune system. Discuss the function of the complement cascade. Name three types of immunity, describing how each develops. Discuss techniques for detecting immune disorders. Describe the role of the nurse when caring for a client with an immune disorder.

EXERCISE -10- Sometimes, the immune system is too weak and unable to efficiently fight infections: this is the case of Immuno-deficiencies. In some people, the immune system is too aggressive and attacks harmless elements of the environment: this is the case of allergies. Some deficiencies of the immune system are congenital. Their signs appear shortly after birth. Others are acquired, such as the Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome or AIDS which is due to a virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The infected individual with HIV remains apparently healthy for a long time. However, he may transmit the infection to others. a- By referring to the above text i- Define immunodeficiency and indicate its types. DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ii- Indicate the causative agent and the target of AIDS. b- AIDS can be transmitted to others. i- Name 2 methods that can transmit AIDS between people. ii- Name 1 method that doesn't transmit AIDS. iii-Suggest a method to detect infection by HIV

Discuss  mode of  action of  both  T  cells  and  B  cells in  lymphatic  system.

Answer please question.  A nurse is caring for a client whose hemoglobin count is reduced after a history of chronic bleeding. The client wants to know what the hematologic and lymphatic system comprises and how they are affected by this condition. Explain.    .

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Critically discuss the effects of ageing on the functionality of T cells.  Explain The function, types, and roles of T cells in regards of aging.

Identification:  1. When activated, Complement system will enhance the phagocytosis of phagocytes by what process? 2. Macrophages will present the antigen on its surface in what PATHWAY of antigen presentation? 3. Co-stimulation of both B and T cells will be facilitated by the release of what group of substance?

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